停止作用

停止作用或稱停止力（stopping power）是指遠射武器的拋射物讓目標迅速喪失運動功能的能力。與致命性（lethality）不同，停止作用只着重於是否能短期內就讓目標停止行動，而不在乎是否會引起死亡。

各類槍械的停止作用取決於其彈頭的終端彈道性能、目標的生物學個性和命中位置等一系列因素。大口徑彈藥因為通常擁有更高的槍口動能，擊中目標時一般也保留了更多終端動能，所以通常也被認為有更強的停止作用^[1]，但不同形狀和結構的彈頭會產生不同的殺傷效果，並不能完全依賴動能和動量傳遞一個因素來預測。同時，目標被擊中後本身遭受的生理反應對其是否會馬上喪失行動能力至關重要，比如中樞神經系統受損哪怕客觀毀傷並不嚴重也會瞬間造成意識喪失和癱瘓，即使沒有直接被擊中彈頭產生物理衝擊也會波及周邊的神經系統^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]，而心肺等重要器官受損或創口產生大量失血則會迅速引發循環系統衰竭並導致休克和昏迷，甚至末端部位受損造成的劇烈疼痛也能讓一些人產生假性癱瘓和反射性暈厥^[8]。如果關鍵的骨骼、關節和肌肉/肌腱部位被毀傷，目標即使仍有主觀意圖也可能喪失完成行動的肢體能力。因此具體的停止效果取決於多個因素的綜合，會根據不同情況而變化。

在戰場上，能否迅速解決敵方威脅對自身的生存十分重要，因此各類訓練有素的武裝力量都把槍彈的停止力作為選擇裝備的關鍵考慮因素。許多作戰人員為了保證停止效果，會在戰術上使用雙連擊或「補槍」的技巧來彌補單次射擊的可能存在的成效不足，特別是在使用威力較弱的手槍進行射擊時。

在狩獵情況下，獵手出於行業道德為了減少獵物逃跑、掙扎和死前遭受的痛苦，也會追求讓目標瞬間喪命或失去意識的停止作用，因此常常使用空尖彈。

參考

^ Patrick, Special Agent Urey W. Handgun Wounding Factors and Effectiveness (PDF). Quantico: Firearms Training Unit, FBI Academy. 14 July 1989 [2020-05-11]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-12-15）.
^ Göransson AM, Ingvar DH, Kutyna F. Remote Cerebral Effects on EEG in High-Energy Missile Trauma. The Journal of Trauma. January 1988, 28 (1 Supplement): S204–S205. PMID 3339687. doi:10.1097/00005373-198801001-00042.
^ Suneson A, Hansson HA, Seeman T. Pressure Wave Injuries to the Nervous System Caused by High Energy Missile extremity Impact: Part II. Distant Effects on the Central Nervous System. A Light and Electron Microscopic Study on Pigs. The Journal of Trauma. 1990, 30 (3): 295–306. PMID 2313748. doi:10.1097/00005373-199003000-00007.
^ Wang Q, Wang Z, Zhu P, Jiang J. Alterations of the Myelin Basic Protein and Ultrastructure in the Limbic System and the Early Stage of Trauma-Related Stress Disorder in Dogs. The Journal of Trauma. 2004, 56 (3): 604–610. PMID 15128132. doi:10.1097/01.TA.0000058122.57737.0E.
^ Krajsa, J. Příčiny vzniku perikapilárních hemoragií v mozku při střelných poraněních [Causes of pericapillar brain haemorrhages accompanying gunshot wounds]. Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University. Brno Czech Republic. 2009 [2010-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-09）.
^ Courtney M, Courtney A. A method for testing handgun bullets in deer. 2007. arXiv:physics/0702107  .
^ Courtney A, Courtney M. Links between traumatic brain injury and ballistic pressure waves originating in the thoracic cavity and extremities (PDF). Brain Injury. 2007, 21 (7): 657–662 [2020-05-11]. PMID 17653939. arXiv:0808.1443  . doi:10.1080/02699050701481571. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2008-02-16）.
^ Bruske, Ed. Police Puzzle: Subduing PCP Users. Washington Post. 2 December 1984 [18 November 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-25）.

外部連結

What We Didn't Know Hurt Us （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (PDF)
One Shot Drops – Surviving the Myth （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[1] Patrick, Special Agent Urey W. Handgun Wounding Factors and Effectiveness (PDF). Quantico: Firearms Training Unit, FBI Academy. 14 July 1989 [2020-05-11]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-12-15）.

[Göransson-RemoteCerebralEffects-2] Göransson AM, Ingvar DH, Kutyna F. Remote Cerebral Effects on EEG in High-Energy Missile Trauma. The Journal of Trauma. January 1988, 28 (1 Supplement): S204–S205. PMID 3339687. doi:10.1097/00005373-198801001-00042.

[Suneson-PressureWaveInjuriesToNervousSystem-3] Suneson A, Hansson HA, Seeman T. Pressure Wave Injuries to the Nervous System Caused by High Energy Missile extremity Impact: Part II. Distant Effects on the Central Nervous System. A Light and Electron Microscopic Study on Pigs. The Journal of Trauma. 1990, 30 (3): 295–306. PMID 2313748. doi:10.1097/00005373-199003000-00007.

[Wang-AlterationsOfMyelinBasicProteinAndUltrastructure-4] Wang Q, Wang Z, Zhu P, Jiang J. Alterations of the Myelin Basic Protein and Ultrastructure in the Limbic System and the Early Stage of Trauma-Related Stress Disorder in Dogs. The Journal of Trauma. 2004, 56 (3): 604–610. PMID 15128132. doi:10.1097/01.TA.0000058122.57737.0E.

[Krajsa_2009-5] Krajsa, J. Příčiny vzniku perikapilárních hemoragií v mozku při střelných poraněních [Causes of pericapillar brain haemorrhages accompanying gunshot wounds]. Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University. Brno Czech Republic. 2009 [2010-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-09）.

[Courtney-TestingHandgunBulletsInDeer-6] Courtney M, Courtney A. A method for testing handgun bullets in deer. 2007. arXiv:physics/0702107  .

[Courtney-LinksBetweenTraumaticBrainInjuryAndBallisticPressureWaves-7] Courtney A, Courtney M. Links between traumatic brain injury and ballistic pressure waves originating in the thoracic cavity and extremities (PDF). Brain Injury. 2007, 21 (7): 657–662 [2020-05-11]. PMID 17653939. arXiv:0808.1443  . doi:10.1080/02699050701481571. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2008-02-16）.

[8] Bruske, Ed. Police Puzzle: Subduing PCP Users. Washington Post. 2 December 1984 [18 November 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-25）.

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