北部灣決議案
北部灣決議案[1]是美國國會在1964年8月7日針對東京灣事件而通過的一項聯合決議。該項決議案具有歷史意義，因為它授權美國總統林登·約翰遜在未經國會正式宣戰的情況下在東南亞使用常規軍事力量。決議授權總統可以採取包括武力介入在內的一切必要措施，以協助東南亞條約組織的任何成員抵禦威脅。
在美國參議院，只有韋恩·莫爾斯和歐內斯特·格魯寧兩名參議員對決議案表示反對。格魯寧表示 「決議案會把我們的美國男孩送進一場與我們無關的戰爭，這場戰爭不是我們的戰爭，有人誤導我們捲入這場戰爭，而且這場戰爭還在不斷升級」。決議案通過後，約翰遜政府依據該決議開始直接介入越南共和國與北越的軍事衝突，北越與美國之間開始公開交戰。
參考文獻
- ^ Karnow 1983，第358頁.
- Andradé, David; Conboy, Kenneth. The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident. Naval History. August 1999 [2012-05-16]. （原始內容存檔於2007-02-02）.
- Beito, David T.; Beito, Linda Royster. The Christian Conservative Who Opposed the Vietnam War. History News Network. August 21, 2006.
- Berman, William. William Fulbright and the Vietnam War: The Dissent of a Political Realist. Ohio State University. 1988. ISBN 0873383516.
- Ceplair, Larry. The Foreign Policy of Senator Wayne L. Morse. Oregon Historical Quarterly. Spring 2012, 113 (1): 6–63. S2CID 159928460. doi:10.5403/oregonhistq.113.1.0006.
- Finney, John. Tonkin Inquiry by Fulbright to Call McNamara. The New York Times. January 31, 1968.
- Hanyok, Robert J. "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2–4 August 1964", Cryptologic Quarterly, Winter 2000/Spring 2001 Edition, Vol. 19, No. 4 / Vol. 20, No. 1.
- Hunt, David. The American War in Vietnam. SEAP Publications. 1993. ISBN 0877271313..
- Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam A History. Viking. 1983. ISBN 0140265473.
- Kenworthy, E.W. Resolution Wins. The New York Times. August 8, 1964.
- Langguth, A.J. Our Vietnam The War 1954-1975. Simon & Schuster. 2000. ISBN 0743212312.
- Moise, Edwin E. Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War
. The University of North Carolina Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8078-2300-7. - Excerpts from McNamara's Testimony on Tonkin. The New York Times. February 25, 1968.
- Gulf of Tonkin Measure Voted In Haste and Confusion in 1964. The New York Times. June 25, 1970.
- Gulf of Tonkin Resolution is Repealed Without Furor. The New York Times. January 14, 1971.
- Freedom of Information Past and Present. NOW on PBS. KQED. March 17, 2006 [May 16, 2012].
- Excerpts from Senate Debate on Tonkin Gulf Resolution. Vassar College. [2007-02-18]. （原始內容存檔於2008-10-20）.
- s: H.J. RES 1145
- Excerpts from President's Message to Congress. Mount Holyoke College. [2008-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-01）.
