南國山河

南國山河
寫作日期	公元10世紀
國家	越南
語言	文言文
形式	七言絕句

《南國山河》（越南語：Nam quốc sơn hà）是一首創作於10世紀時期的越南詩。

以漢越音朗讀《南國山河》(《大越史記全書》版本)

此詩真實作者的身份仍然存在爭議，且有兩篇不同版本。全詩以神諭的格式寫作，^[1]並被認為是越南文學中最為人所知的作品之一。^[2]

原詩

《嶺南摭怪》版本（981）

根據《嶺南摭怪》的說法，本詩是在981年第一次宋朝入侵時，協助黎大行的神仙所創作。^[3]

漢字	國語字
南國山河南帝居，皇天已定在天書。如何北虜來侵掠，白刃翻成破竹餘。	Nam quốc sơn hà Nam đế cư, Hoàng thiên dĩ định tại thiên thư. Như hà Bắc lỗ lai xâm lược, Bạch nhận phiên thành phá trúc dư.

《大越史記全書》版本（1076）

根據《大越史記全書》，宋越熙寧戰爭期間，李常傑率領的越軍軍士在張將軍祠^[4]中聽到有人高聲念出本詩。^[5]

一般認為此版本的《南國山河》較《嶺南摭怪》版更為可信，更可能是本詩真正的史源。^[6]陳仲金則指出，本詩應是李常傑為鼓舞士氣而撰，並說成是神仙所作，讓軍隊恢復鬥志。^[7]

漢字	國語字
南國山河南帝居，截然定分在天書。如何逆虜來侵犯，汝等行看取敗虛。	Nam quốc sơn hà nam đế cư Tiệt nhiên định phận tại thiên thư Như hà nghịch lỗ lai xâm phạm Nhữ đẳng hành khan thủ bại hư.

影響

該詩被稱為「越南第一個獨立宣言」，聲明越南統治者對自己領土的主權。^[6]

《南國山河》往往成為越南爭取獨立期間的象徵性詩歌。^[8]近期，當越南民眾抗議中國在越南近海的石油勘探時，也會朗誦此詩。^{[來源請求]}

評價

越共學者評價這首詩是「李常傑以全民族的名義重申了民族的神聖獨立權和平等權，嚴重警告外來侵略者。這首詩就像在外國統治一千多年後^{[錨點失效]}的第一個獨立宣言那樣被載入史冊。」^[6]
2016年5月24日，時任美國總統奧巴馬訪問越南，在河內發表演講時，以英語引用了這首詩，並稱這首詩表達了「所有越南人民不屈的精神」，「大國不能欺負小國」。^[9]

參考資料

^ Essays on Literature and Society in Southeast Asia 1981 Page 305 "The "Nam-quốc sơn-hà" poem had the form of an oracle"
^ Nguyễn Đức Sự Some Features on Vietnamese Buddhism in the Lý Dynasty Religious Studies Review, No. 02-2010 Institute of Religious Studies, Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences 2011 "Besides the well-known works of celebrities and of the Lý court as Chiếu dời đô (Royal edict on the transfer of the capital), Nam quốc sơn hà (Mountains and Rivers of the empire of the South), Văn lộ bố khi đánh trống, Di chiếu lúc lâm chung (King's last will at point of death), etc. There were many Zen poems in the literature of the Lý dynasty. Almost poets and writers in the Lý dynasty were Zen masters."
^ 嶺南摭怪/龍眼、如月二神傳
^ 《大越史記全書·本紀》卷三：張將軍兄弟二人，兄名叫，弟名喝，皆趙越王之名將。越王為李南帝所敗而失國，南帝召而官之。二人曰：「忠臣不事害主之君。」乃逃匿於扶龍山。南帝屢召不應，令曰：「購得首級，重賞千金。」二人皆飲毒卒。吳南晉討西龍州......賊平，吳南晉封兄為大當江都護國神王，祠於如月江；弟為小當江都護國神王，祠於南軍江口，即其祠也。
^ 大越史記全書/本紀卷之三
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 越南社會科學委員會《越南歷史》，200頁。
^ 陳仲金《越南史略》，74頁
^ Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past 2002 Page 268 "The relevant works are Nam quốc sơn ha, Lý Thường Kiệt's famous affirmation of Vietnamese identity; Hịch tướng sĩ, the plea from Trần Hưng Ðạo to fight against the Mongols; Quốc ngữ thi tập, Chu Văn An's collection of poems in the national language..."
^ 奥巴马所说的越南“独立宣言”《南国山河》真相. [2018-07-29]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-09）.

[1] Essays on Literature and Society in Southeast Asia 1981 Page 305 "The "Nam-quốc sơn-hà" poem had the form of an oracle"

[2] Nguyễn Đức Sự Some Features on Vietnamese Buddhism in the Lý Dynasty Religious Studies Review, No. 02-2010 Institute of Religious Studies, Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences 2011 "Besides the well-known works of celebrities and of the Lý court as Chiếu dời đô (Royal edict on the transfer of the capital), Nam quốc sơn hà (Mountains and Rivers of the empire of the South), Văn lộ bố khi đánh trống, Di chiếu lúc lâm chung (King's last will at point of death), etc. There were many Zen poems in the literature of the Lý dynasty. Almost poets and writers in the Lý dynasty were Zen masters."

[3] 嶺南摭怪/龍眼、如月二神傳

[4] 《大越史記全書·本紀》卷三：張將軍兄弟二人，兄名叫，弟名喝，皆趙越王之名將。越王為李南帝所敗而失國，南帝召而官之。二人曰：「忠臣不事害主之君。」乃逃匿於扶龍山。南帝屢召不應，令曰：「購得首級，重賞千金。」二人皆飲毒卒。吳南晉討西龍州......賊平，吳南晉封兄為大當江都護國神王，祠於如月江；弟為小當江都護國神王，祠於南軍江口，即其祠也。

[5] 大越史記全書/本紀卷之三

[未命名-20231105162729-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 越南社會科學委員會《越南歷史》，200頁。

[7] 陳仲金《越南史略》，74頁

[8] Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past 2002 Page 268 "The relevant works are Nam quốc sơn ha, Lý Thường Kiệt's famous affirmation of Vietnamese identity; Hịch tướng sĩ, the plea from Trần Hưng Ðạo to fight against the Mongols; Quốc ngữ thi tập, Chu Văn An's collection of poems in the national language..."

[9] 奥巴马所说的越南“独立宣言”《南国山河》真相. [2018-07-29]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-09）.

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南國山河

目次

原詩

《嶺南摭怪》版本（981）

《大越史記全書》版本（1076）

影響

評價

相關條目

參考資料