唐米語
唐米語,也稱為Thāmī、Thangmi Kham、Thangmi Wakhe、Thani,是一種漢藏語言,由尼泊爾中東部的唐米人使用。唐米人將他們的語言稱為 Thangmi Kham 或 Thangmi Wakhe,而尼泊爾其他地區則將其稱為 Thāmī。然而,這些使用者中的大多數居住在尼泊爾的傳統故鄉多拉卡區(Dolakha)以及大吉嶺。[3]唐米語使用天城文字母書寫。[4]馬克·圖林(Mark Turin)對唐米語進行了廣泛記錄。
唐米語 | |
---|---|
Thāmī, Thangmi Khan,Thani | |
Thangmi Kham and Thangmi Wakhe | |
發音 | thang-mi |
區域 | 尼泊爾、中國? |
族群 | 唐米人 |
母語使用人數 | 23,200 (2011)[1] |
語系 | |
方言 | 多拉卡(Dolakha)
辛杜帕爾科克(Sindhupalcok)
|
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-3 | thf |
Glottolog | than1259 [2] |
ELP | Thangmi |
分佈
唐米語主要在巴格馬蒂省的多拉卡地區、賽隆科拉(拉梅恰普縣北部狹長地帶,主要在格庫爾甘加)的村莊、辛杜帕爾喬克縣東部地區使用,部分移居到加德滿都谷地城市的老年人也講這種語言。
在多拉卡 (Dolakha) 和辛杜帕爾科克 (Sindhupalcok) 地區以外,很少有塔米族人講唐米語。
分類
唐米語似乎與尼泊爾的其他語言有很多相似之處。例如,巴拉姆語(Barām),基蘭特語(Kiranti),尼瓦爾語(Newar) 語。Konow (1909)、Shafer (1966)、Stein (1970)、Toba (1990)、van Driem (1992) 和 Turin 的研究表明,唐米語與拉伊語(Rai)和尼瓦爾語(Newar)密切相關。
文法
唐米語 | 英語 | 代詞 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
gai | I | 第一人稱單數 | ||
ni | we | 第一人稱複數 | ||
|
you | 第二人稱單數 | ||
|
you | 第二人稱複數 | ||
to | he, she, it | 第三人稱單數 | ||
|
they | 第三人稱複數 |
方言
唐米語由兩種方言組成,即多拉克區(Dolakhā 東部)和辛杜帕爾喬克縣(Sindhupālchok 西部)。它們在音系、名詞和動詞形態以及詞彙方面有所不同。大多數唐米語人口使用 Dolakhā 方言,而只有少數人使用 Sindhupālcok。Dolakhā 方言提供了更完整的動詞一致系統,而 Sindhupālcok 方言的名詞形態則更複雜。
相互關係 | ||
---|---|---|
英語 | Dolakhā | Sindhupālchok |
younger brother | hu | calaca hu |
younger sister | humi | camaica hu |
father's eldest brother | jekhapa | jhya?apa |
father's younger brother | ucyapa | pacyu |
father's eldest sister | nini | jhya?ama |
father's younger sister | nini | nini |
mother's eldest brother | palam | palam |
mother's younger brother | malam | mou |
mother's eldest sister | jekhama | jhya?ama |
mother's younger sister | macyu | phus?ama |
唐米歌曲
唐米人擁有豐富的文化和傳統。語言是他們身份的重要組成部分,他們通過文化(主要是音樂)來表達自己的語言。尼泊爾唐米人協會 (NTS) 創作了幾首唐米歌曲,這些歌曲於 2007 年錄製。歌詞由 Singh Bahadur Thami、Devendra Thami 和 Lok Bahadur Thami 創作。以下是一些示例:
比較詞彙
以下 210 個單詞的列表涵蓋五種唐米方言,來自 Regmi 等人(2014年)。[5]涵蓋的方言包括:
- 多拉卡區巴布雷(Babre) VDC
- 多拉卡區拉皮浪(Lapilang) VDC
- 多拉卡區蘇斯帕·克沙瑪瓦蒂(Suspa Kshamavati) VDC
- 拉梅恰普區(Ramechhap)達杜窪(Daduwa) VDC
- 辛杜帕爾喬克縣(Sindhupalchok)喬卡蒂(Chokati) VDC
還提供了 Kansakar (2010)[6] 中的巴拉姆語(Baram)的詞彙以供比較。
詞義 | Babre | Lapilang | Suspa Kshamavati | Daduwa | Chokati | Baram |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
body | mɑŋ | mɑŋ | mɑŋ | mɑŋ | jiu | aŋ (IA loan) |
head | kɑpu | kɑpu | kɑpu | kɑpu | kɑpu | kəpu |
hair | cimyɑŋ | cimeŋ | cimeŋ | mus | mus | sjam |
face | kʰen | kʰen | kʰen | kʰen | kʰen | mik |
eye | mese | mese | mesek | mese | mese | mik |
ear | kulnɑ | kulnɑ | kulnɑ | kulnɑ | kulŋɑ | kuna |
nose | ciŋɑ | ciŋyɑ | ciŋɑ | cĩyɑ̃ | ciyɑ̃ | cina |
mouth | uɡo | uɡo | uɡo | ogo | ogo | anam |
teeth | suwɑ | suwɑ | suwɑ | suwɑ | suwɑ | swa |
tongue | cile | cile | cile | cile | cile | ce le |
breast | cucu | cyucyu | cucu | nunu | cucu | nənu |
belly | bɑŋkɑl | bɑŋkɑl | bɑŋkɑl | bʌŋɡʌl | bʌŋɡɑl | ujaŋ |
arm/hand | lɑʔ | lɑʔ | lɑk | lɑ | lɑ | hit |
elbow | uru | ɽuŋ | uru | uru | kuino | kuina (IA loan) |
palm | oilyɑ | lɑʔ | lɑk | pɑti | lɑ | lapʈa |
finger | cʰumpi | cʰumpi | cumpi | cyukuri | cukuri | əŋla (IA loan) |
fingernail | pin | pin | pin | pin | pin | luŋdziŋ |
leg | konʈe | konʈe | konʈe | konʈe | lɑi | undzik |
skin | ʃebi | ʃebi | ʃebi | ʃebi | ʃebi | chala (IA loan) |
bone | koʃɑ | koʃɑ | koʃɑ | koʃyɑ | koʃyɑ | haɖ (IA loan) |
heart | loŋse | loŋse | loŋsek | loŋse | loŋse | muʈu (IA loan) |
blood | cɑi | cɑi | cɑi | cʌi | cʌi | cihui |
urine | uʃi | uʃi | uʃi | uʃi | uʃi | ci |
feces | kuɽi | kuɽi | kiɽi | kuɽi | kili | ku |
village | rɑɽe | dese | dese | dese | dese | hannuŋ (IA loan) |
house | nem | nem | nem | nem | nem | nam |
roof | cʰɑnɑ | cʰɑnɑ | pɑli | pɑli | cʰɑnɑ | chano |
door | kʰɑɽoŋ | kʰɑɽuŋ | kʰɑɽo | kʰʌɽu | kʰɑɽu | ɖhoka (IA loan) |
firewood | seŋ | seŋ | seŋ | seŋ | seŋ | siŋ |
broom | tʰope | tʰope | tʰope | tʰope | tʰope | astuŋ |
mortar | yɑmbɑʔ | lokmɑŋ | lokmɑŋ | ʈim | luŋ | siləuʈo (IA loan) |
pestle | ulum | lok | ulum | ulum | loɦoro | lohoro |
hammer | ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ | ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ | ʈʰokʈʰoke | ʈʰukʈʰukiɑ | ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ | hətəuɖo (IA loan) |
knife | ɑikucɑ | ɑikucɑ | ɑikucɑ | kɑrdɑ | cʌkku | ukhmen |
axe | rɑpɑ | rɑpɑ | rɑpɑ | rɑʔpɑ | rɑpɑ | kəm |
rope | ʃɑkpɑ | ʃɑkpɑ | ʃɑkpɑ | ʃyɑpɑ | ɖɑmlɑ | ɖori (IA loan) |
thread | dʰɑɡo | sɑle | benɑ | ʃyɑpɑ | dʰɑgo | ləkthun |
needle | ɦili | ɦili | yuli | yuli | ɦuli | pənuŋ |
cloth | myuŋ | miŋmyɑŋ | myuŋ | myũ | myuŋ | mu |
ring | sɑimundro | sɑimundro | sɑimundro | ʌŋɡuliŋ | ʌũʈʰi | əŋʈhi (IA loan) |
sun | uni | uni | uni | uni | uni | uni |
moon | cʌlʌuni | cʌlʌuni | cʌlʌuni | cʌlɑʔuni | cʌlɑuni | cəlauni |
sky | sʌrɡyɑ | sʌrɡyɑ | sʌrɡe | sʌrɡe | ʌkɑs | akas (IA loan) |
star | ucʰi | ucʰi | ucʰi | ucʰi | ucʰi | tara (IA loan) |
rain | pɑŋku | pɑŋkuyusɑ | jʰʌriuɑn | ʃyɑrde | jʰɑri | aŋmət |
water | pɑŋku | pɑŋku | pɑŋku | pʌŋku | pɑŋku | awa |
river | ʃoŋ | ʃoŋ | ʃoŋ | ʃoŋ | ʃoŋ | gudul |
cloud | dʰummɑ | kʰɑʃu | kʰɑsu | dʰummɑ | dʰumpɑ | a mu |
lightning | mirlisidu | sʌrɡyɑtowɑn | mirliksɑ | miklik | gʌɽɑŋguɽuŋtʰɑ | – |
rainbow | indreni | indreni | indreni | lʌrkuni | indreni | indreni (IA loan) |
wind | pʰɑʃɑ | pʰɑʃɑ | pʰɑʃɑ | pʰɑʃyɑ | pʰɑʃyɑ | asi |
stone | ɽiŋ | ɽiŋ | liŋ | ɽiŋ | lyuŋ | kumba |
path | ulɑm | ulɑm | ulɑm | ulɑm | ulɑm | uŋma |
sand | pʰɑʃeɽiŋ | kʰreʔduɽiŋ | jɑŋkʰɑ | syɑŋɖo | bʌluwɑ | balwa (IA loan) |
fire | me | me | me | me | me | mui |
smoke | ɑsku | ɑsku | ɑsku | ɑcʰɑ | dʰuwɑ̃tʰɑn | isku |
ash | tɑrbɑ | trɑbɑ | trɑbɑ | trɑbɑ | tɑbrɑ | maju |
mud | nɑsɑ | nɑsɑ | nɑsɑ | nɑsɑ | nɑsɑ | nəsa |
dust | pʰɑʃe | pʰɑsse | dʰule | buʃi | dʰulo | dhulo |
gold | sun | loŋ | luŋ | ɡoɦo | sun | sun (IA loan) |
tree | doŋbo | duŋbo | dombo | pole | ruk | sjaŋma |
leaf | ɑjɑ | ɑjɑ | ɑjɑ | ɑjɑ | ɑjɑ | su |
root | pole | pole | nɑrɑ | dɑrɑ | jɑrɑ | dzəra |
thorn | puʈu | puʈu | puʈu | puʈu | puʈu | achu |
flower | reŋ | reŋ | reŋ | reŋ | reŋ | phul (IA loan) |
fruit | pʰɑlpʰul | pʰɑlpʰul | pʰɑlpʰul | kʌntʰʌmʌl | pʰɑlpʰul | phalphul (IA loan) |
mango | ɑ̃p | ɑ̃p | ɑmcur | ɑ̃p | ɑ̃p | əmba (IA loan) |
banana | muĩ | mui | muĩ | muĩ | mui | umse |
wheat (husked) | jɑʔcʰo | jɑʔcʰo | jɑkso | jɑcʰo | jɑʔcʰo | gəu |
barley | ɑkɑn | ɑkɑn | ɑkɑn | ɑkɑn | ɑkɑn | dzəu |
rice (husked) | jɑke | jɑki | jɑke | meke | jɑke | hadza |
potato | kwɑi | kwɑi | kwɑi | kwɑi | koi | alu (IA loan) |
eggplant | bɑnʈɑ | bɑnʈɑ | bʰenʈɑ | bʌnʈɑ | bʰẽɽi | bhənʈa (IA loan) |
groundnut | bʌdɑm | bʌdɑm | bʌdɑm | bʌdɑm | bʌdɑm | bədam (IA loan) |
chili | mɑrci | mʌrci | mɑrci | ɑso | kʰorsɑni | asok |
turmeric | ɦʌrdi | ɦʌrdi | ɦʌrdi | besɑr | besɑr | besar (IA loan) |
garlic | lʌsun | lʌsun | lʌsun | lʌmbo | lʌsun | ləsun (IA loan) |
onion | pyɑj | pyɑj | pyɑj | pyɑj | pyɑj | pjadz (IA loan) |
cauliflower | reŋkopi | reŋkopi | kopi | kɑuli | kɑuli | kauli (IA loan) |
tomato | bɑnʈɑ | ɡyɑmbɑlɑ | ɡɑmbʌl | bʌnʈɑ | golbʰẽɽɑ | golbhẽɖa (IA loan) |
cabbage | ɑjɑkopi | ɑjɑkopi | bʌndɑ | bʌndɑ | bʌndɑ | bənda (IA loan) |
oil | ɑsɑ | ɑsɑ | ɑsɑ | ɑsɑ | ɑsɑ | asa |
salt | cʰyɑ | cʰyɑ | cʰɑ | cʰyɑ | cʰɑ | cha |
meat | cici | cici | cici | ɑcʰin | cici | ku sja |
fat (of meat) | cʰeu | cʰou | cʰeu | cʰo | cʰyʌu | kucho |
fish | nɑŋɑ | nɑŋɑ | nɑŋɑ | nɑŋɑ | nɑŋɑ | nəŋa |
chicken | wɑcɑ | wɑcɑ | wɑcɑ | wɑcɑ | wɑcɑ | hocca |
egg | om | ɑɦum | ɑɦum | ɑum | ɑum | ohom |
cow | mɑmɑʃyɑ | mɑmɑʃyɑ | mɑmɑʃyɑ | ʃyɑ | ʃyɑ | sja |
buffalo | meʃɑ | meʃɑ | meʃɑ | meʃyɑ | miʃyɑ | bhəisi (IA loan) |
milk | olon | olon | olʌn | nunu | nunu | nənu |
horns | nɑru | nɑru | nɑru | nɑru | nɑru | ujuŋ |
tail | lime | lime | limek | leme | lime | pitik |
goat | ʈuɽi | ʈuɽi | ʈuɽi | culi | culi | mi chja |
dog | kucu | kucu | kucu | kucu | kucu | a kja |
snake | rul | rul | rul | rul | rul | pəi hu |
monkey | mɑkɑr | mɑkɑr | mɑkɑr | yu | yu | pəi huk |
mosquito | ʈinini | ʈinini | ʈinini | lʌkʰʌʈoʈo | lɑmkʰuʈʈe | lamkhuʈʈe (IA loan) |
ant | ʈiko | ʈiku | ʈiku | cukku | cuku | anap |
spider | mɑkɑrpɑpɑ | mɑkɑrpɑpɑ | mɑkɑrpɑpɑ | jrɑmpʰɑl | jʌrɑmpɑl | dzənna |
name | nɑme | nɑme | nɑme | nɑme | nɑme | u men |
man | mi | mi | mi | mi | mi | bal |
woman | cɑmɑicɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | mama |
child | ɦocɑ | ucɑ | ɦucɑ | ɦuccɑ | ɦucɑ | uca |
father | ɑpɑ | ɑpɑ | ɑpɑ | ɑpɑ | ɑpɑ | papa |
mother | ɑmɑ | ɑmɑ | ɑmɑ | ɑmɑ | ɑmɑ | ama (IA loan) |
older brother | bubu | bubu | bubu | bubu | bubu | dadze (IA loan) |
younger brother | ɦu | ɦu | ɦu | ɦu | ɦu | ale |
older sister | tete | tete | tete | tete | tete | didi (IA loan) |
younger sister | ɦumi | ɦomi | ɦumi | ɦumi | ɦu | abi |
son | cɑ | cɑ | cɑ | cɑ | cɑ | ucuwa |
daughter | cɑmɑi | cɑmɑi | cɑmɑi | cɑmɑi | cɑmɑi | ucuməi |
husband | lɑwɑ | ʈʰoɽe | lɑwɑ | lɑwɑ | lɑwɑ | ukəi |
wife | umɑ | umɑ | umɑ | umɑ | umɑ | uməi |
boy | ʃɑrɑ | ʃɑrɑ | cɑɦucɑ | ʃɑrɑ | cɑ | papaca |
girl | ʃɑrmɑ | ʃɑrmɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | ʃyɑrmi | cɑmɑi | mamaca |
day | unise | unise | unise | ʃyɑŋ | unise | unis |
night | ʈɑɦe | ʈɑɦe | ʈɑe | cyɑe | cyɑ | rat (IA loan) |
morning | bʌcinʈe | bʌcinʈe | bʌsinʈe | bʌsinʈe | bɑʃe | hamdzaŋ |
noon | unise | unise | unise | unise | unise | diuso (IA loan) |
evening | ŋyoɽiŋ | ŋyoɽi | ŋyʌɽiŋ | nyõɽi | cyɑtʰɑn | hole |
yesterday | miryɑŋ | miryɑŋ | miryɑŋ | merɡʰyɑŋ | merɡʰyɑŋ | minja |
today | yɑŋ | yɑŋ | yɑŋ | yɑŋ | yɑŋ | təja |
tomorrow | bɑʈʈʰe | bɑʈʈʰe | bɑʈʰe | bɑʃe | bʰʌĩse | hogei |
week | ɦʌptɑ | ɦʌptɑ | ɦʌptɑ | loʔʃyɑŋ | sɑtɑdin | həpta (IA loan) |
month | mʌinɑ | mʌinɑ | mʌɦine | sumcpʃyɑŋ | mʌinɑ | məina (IA loan) |
year | kɑle | kɑle | kɑle | dɑrɑ | bʌrsʌ | bərsə (IA loan) |
old | kʰɑru | kʰɑru | kʰɑru | kʰɑru | kʰɑru | cəŋpa |
new | nɑke | nɑke | nɑkɑ | nɑkɑ | nɑkɑ | kawoi |
good | ɑprɑ | ɑprɑ | ɑprɑ | kʌstɑ | ɑprɑ | kisen |
bad | mɑʔɑprɑ | mɑʔɑprɑ | ɦijebɑ | mɑjɑdu | mɑʔɑprɑ | məsen |
wet | pʰodu | pʰodu | pʰodu | pʰodu | bʰijɑiŋɑn | kjasun |
dry | ɡɑŋdu | mɑpʰodu | pʰʌŋpʰʌŋ | gʌŋdu | mɑbʰijɑi | sukhkha (IA loan) |
long | ʌlʌmɡɑ | ʌlʌmɡɑ | ʌlʌmɡɑ | ʌlʌmɡɑ | ʌlʌmɡɑ | alok |
short | ucʰiɡɑ | ucʰiɡɑ | ucʰikɑ | ucʰiɡɑ | ucʰiɡɑ | ikuri |
hot | ɑdum | ɑdum | ɑdum | ɑdum | ɑdum | kewon |
cold | ʈilɑ | ʈilɑ | ɑjik | iji | cilɑŋɑn | kjasun |
right | cɑkʰur | cɑkʰur | cɑkʰur | cɑkʰur | dɑɦine | daine (IA loan) |
left | kʰolɑ | kʰolɑ | kʰolɑ | kʰolɑ | debre | debre (IA loan) |
near | kʰer | kʰer | kʰerte | kʰereŋ | cʰeute | igin |
far | ʌlʌmtʰɑ | ʌlʌmtʰɑ | ʌlʌmtʰɑ | ʌlʌmtʰɑ | ɑlɑmtʰɑ | kalok |
big | jekʰɑ | jekʰɑ | jekʰɑ | jekʰɑ | jʰokɑ | alam |
small | ucyɑ | ucyɑ | ucɑcɑ | ucyɑncɑ | ecenɑ | ikine |
heavy | ɡʌruŋ | ɡʌruŋ | ɡɑnunidu | gʌrum | ɡʌruŋ | gegruŋ (IA loan) |
light | ɦʌluŋ | ɦʌluŋ | pʰinpʰincɑ | ɦʌluŋ | ɦʌluŋ | həlka (IA loan) |
above | ɦyute | ɦyute | ɦyute | ɦyute | ɦyobbi | khuŋ |
below | nʰɑte | nʰɑte | nʰɑte | nʰɑnɑi | nɑbi | hjaŋ |
white | ubo | ubo | ubo | ubo | obo | gjabo |
black | kiji | kiji | kiji | kiji | kiji | ciliŋ |
red | ɖiŋɖiŋ | ɖiŋɖiŋ | ɖiŋɖiŋ | ɖiŋɖiŋ | keret | phəija |
one | di | di | di | di | de | de |
two | nis | nis | nis | nis | nis | nis |
three | sum | sum | sum | sum | sum | som |
four | oli | oli | oli | oli | wɑli | car (IA loan) |
five | wɑlŋɑ | wɑlŋɑ | wɑlŋɑ | wɑ̃lɑ | hwɑlŋɑ | pãc (IA loan) |
six | mɑt | mɑt | mɑt | mʌt | mɑt | chə (IA loan) |
seven | rɑ | rɑ | ro | lo | ɽo | sat (IA loan) |
eight | lɑ | lɑ | lɑ | lɑ | lɑ | aʈh (IA loan) |
nine | kit | kit | kyut | kit | kit | nəu |
ten | dicip | dicip | dicip | dicip | dʰicip | dəs |
eleven | dicipdi | dicipdi | dicipdi | dicipdi | dʰicipde | egharə |
twelve | dicipnis | dicipnis | dicipnis | dicipnis | dʰicipnis | barə |
twenty | nisdicip | nisdicip | nisdicip | nisdicip | nisdʰicip | bis |
one hundred | dicipdicip | dicipdicip | dicipdicip | dicipdicip | dʰicipdʰicip | de səe (IA loan) |
who | su | su | su | su | su | su |
what | ɦɑrɑ | ɦɑrɑ | ɦɑrɑ | ɦɑrɑ | ɦɑrɑ | hai |
where | kutɑ | kutɑ | kutɑ | kutɑ | kutɑ | kuni |
when | kutɑleŋ | kutɑleŋ | kutɑleŋ | kutɑleŋ | ɦɑŋgɑlyɑŋ | kəile |
how many | ɦɑni | ɦɑni | ɦɑni | ɦɑ̃lĩ | ɦɑi | kwa |
which | kundu | kundu | kundu | kundu | kundu | kun |
this | kɑ | kɑ | kɑ | kɑ | kɑ | jo |
that | to | to | to | dʰɑ | to | tjo |
these | kɑbɑŋ | kɑbɑŋ | kɑbɑŋ | kʌpʌliŋ | kɑbɑli | jibaŋ |
those | tobɑŋ | tobɑŋ | tobɑŋ | topʌliŋ | tobɑŋ | ubaŋ |
same | to | to | to | to | to | ui |
different | bʰindʌi | bʰindʌi | beɡɑle | toŋɑkɑ | pʰʌrʌk | phərək (IA loan) |
whole | sɑkkʰɑle | sɑkʰɑle | sɑkɑle | sɑkɑle | sʌkkʰɑli | səbəi (IA loan) |
broken | kwɑdu | kwɑʔdu | kwɑɡdu | ʈʰemɑn | cʰyomdu | kipak |
few | ucʰincɑ | ucʰincɑ | ucʰin | ucʰincɑ | icʰini | jurse |
many | ɑɦe | ɑɦe | ɑɦe | ɑɦe | ɑɦe | dherəi (IA loan) |
all | sɑkkʰɑle | sɑkʰɑle | sɑkɑle | sɑkɑle | sʌkkʰɑli | səpəi (IA loan) |
eat | cyɑsɑ | cyɑsɑ | cyɑsɑ | cyɑsɑ | cyɑsɑ | cago |
bite | ceʔsɑ | ceʔsɑ | ceksɑ | ceʔsɑ | ceʔsɑ | aŋakko |
hungry | krɑisɑ | krɑisɑ | kʌrɑisɑ | krʌisɑ | isɑkɑrɑinɑn | hego |
drink | tunsɑ | tunsɑ | tunsɑ | tuncʰɑ | tuncʰɑ | sjaŋgo |
thirsty | lɑkɑisɑ | lɑkɑisɑ | lɑkɑsɑ | lɑkɑŋsɑ | lɑkɑinɑn | əs kago |
sleep | ɑmisɑ | ɑmisɑ | ɑmisɑ | ɑmisɑ | ɑmisɑ | nago |
lie | pʌlʈʌisisɑ | pʌlʈʌisisɑ | pʌlʈʌisɑ | bliŋsɑ | pʌlʈʌisisɑ | ləllumgo |
sit | ɦoʔsɑ | ɦoʔsɑ | ɦoksɑ | ɦoʔsɑ | ɦoʔsɑ | hukko |
give | piʔsɑ | piʔsɑ | pisɑ | piʔsɑ | piccʰɑ | pigo |
burn | cieʔsɑ | jousɑ | jyoksɑ | joʔsɑ | jyʌusɑ | cimakko |
die | sisɑ | sisɑ | sisɑ | sisɑ | sisɑ | sigo |
kill | sɑtcʰɑ | sɑtcʰɑ | sɑtcʰɑ | sʌtcʰɑ | sɑccʰɑ | sat ko |
fly | persɑ | persɑ | persɑ | persɑ | persɑ | ublego |
walk | cɑwɑsɑ | cɑwɑsɑ | cɑwɑsɑ | cɑwɑsɑ | cɑwɑsɑ | dzjogo |
run | droʔsɑ | droʔsɑ | droksɑ | droʔsɑ | dorʌsɑ | gəbango |
go | ɦensɑ | ɦensɑ | ɦensɑ | ɦensɑ | ɦensɑ | jago |
come | rɑʔsɑ | rɑʔsɑ | rɑsɑ | rɑʔsɑ | rɑʔsɑ | təigo |
speak | cijyɑŋsɑ | cijyɑŋsɑ | cijyɑŋsɑ | cijyɑŋsɑ | cijɑŋsɑ | khəlago |
hear/listen | nɑsɑisɑ | nɑsɑisɑ | nɑsɑisɑ | nɑsɑisɑ | nɑsɑisɑ | nago |
look | yoʔsɑ | yoʔsɑ | yosɑ | jyɑpsɑ | jyɑpsɑ | ni go |
I | ɡɑi | ɡɑi | ɡɑi | ɡʌi | ɡɑi | ŋa |
you (informal) | nɑŋ | nɑŋ | nɑŋ | nʌŋ | nɑŋ | nuŋ |
you (formal) | nɑŋtʰe | nɑŋtʰe | nɑŋkʰe | nʌŋ | nɑŋ | nuŋ |
he | to | to | to | to | to | u (IA loan) |
she | to | to | to | to | to | u |
we (inclusive) | ni | ni | ni | ni | tʰe | niru |
we (exclusive) | ni | ni | ni | ni | tʰe | niru |
you (plural) | niŋpɑli | niŋpɑli | niŋ | nʌŋpɑliŋ | nʌŋpɑli | tibaŋ |
they | tobɑŋ | tobɑŋ | tobɑŋ | topɑliŋ | topɑliŋ | ubaŋ |
參考文獻
- ^ 唐米語於《民族語》的連結(第18版,2015年)
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Thangmi. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Turin, Mark. The Thangmi Verbal Agreement System and the Kiranti Connection. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 1998, 61 (3): 476–491 [2024-06-27]. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00019303. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-19).
- ^ Script Devanagari (Nagari). [2024-06-27]. (原始內容存檔於2017-07-02).
- ^ Regmi, Dan Raj, Gopal Thakur, and Shobha Kumari Mahato. 2014. A sociolinguistic survey of Thami (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
- ^ Kansakar, Tej Ratna. 2010. Baram wordlist (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).
延伸閱讀
- Turin, Mark, A grammar of the Thangmi language, Brill, 2012, ISBN 978-9004155268. 2012.
- Saxena, A. (Ed.). (2004). Himalayan languages: past and present (Vol. 149). Walter de Gruyter.
- Turin, Mark. The Thangmi Verbal Agreement System and the Kiranti Connection. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 1998, 61 (3): 476–491 [2024-06-27]. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00019303. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-19).
- Turin, M. Voices of vanishing worlds: Endangered languages, orality, and cognition. Análise Social. 2012, 47 (205): 846–869.
- Bradley, D. [Review of A Grammar of the Thangmi Language: With an Ethnographic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library 5/6].. Anthropological Linguistics. 2012, 54 (3): 302–305. S2CID 144836849. doi:10.1353/anl.2012.0014.
- Shneiderman, S. B. The formation of political consciousness in rural Nepal. Dialectical Anthropology. 2009, 33 (3/4): 287–308. S2CID 42405766. doi:10.1007/s10624-009-9129-2.
- Shneiderman, S.; Turin, M. Thangmi, Thami, Thani? Remembering a Forgotten People. Himalayan Culture. 2000, 5 (1): 4–20.
- Turin, M. By way of incest and the golden deer: how the Thangmi came to be and the pitfalls of oral history. Journal of Nepalese Studies. 1999, 3 (1): 13–19.
- Shneiderman, S. B. (2009). Rituals of ethnicity: Migration, mixture, and the making of Thangmi identity across Himalayan borders (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University).
- Sara, S. (2015). Epilogue: Thami ke ho?What Is Thami?. In, Rituals of Ethnicity : Thangmi Identities Between Nepal and India (p. 252). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Sara, S. (2015). 3. Origin Myths and Myths of Originality. In, Rituals of Ethnicity : Thangmi Identities Between Nepal and India (p. 61). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Grierson, G. A. (1909). Tibeto-Burman Family: General Introduction, Specimens of the Tibetan Dialects, the Himalayan Dialects, and the North Assam group. (Linguistic Survey of India, III(I).) Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. 669pp.
- Shneiderman, S. (2010). 『Producing』 Thangmi Ritual Texts: Practice, performance and collaboration. In Imogen Gunn and Mark Turin (eds.) Language Documentation and Description, Vol 8, 159–174 London: SOAS.
- Turin, M. (2011). Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region, Volume 6: A Grammar of the Thangmi Language (2 vols): With an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture. Brill.