法胡德
法胡德(阿拉伯語:الفرهود)是1941年6月1-2日間的針對伊拉克王國巴格達的猶太人的反猶騷亂,當時英方剛取得英國伊拉克戰爭的勝利。親納粹的拉希德·阿里·蓋拉尼政府倒台後,巴格達處在不穩定之中,暴亂就發生在這段權力真空中[1][2][3]。拉希德·阿里在較早前發動的政變令伊拉克全國陷入了一段短暫的狂喜,拉希德·阿里政權被英軍快速擊敗後,暴力接踵而至,當時又有傳言伊拉克猶太人在英國伊拉克戰爭中協助英方,這使得不少伊拉克人對猶太人更加仇恨[4]。最終有超過180名猶太人被殺[5],1000人受傷,還有一些暴亂者在當局的鎮暴過程中被殺[6]。暴民在此期間劫掠了猶太人的財產,900座猶太人房屋被毀。
參考文獻
- ^ Tsimhoni, Daphne. Roth, J. K.; Maxwell, E.; Levy, M.; Whitworth, W. , 編. The Pogrom (Farhud) against the Jews of Baghdad in 1941. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2001: 570–588. ISBN 978-0-333-80486-5. OCLC 1086547441. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-66019-3_37.
- ^ Green, David B. 1941: The Beginning of the End of Iraq's Jewish Community — Jewish World. Haaretz. 2013-06-02 [2023-10-17]. (原始內容存檔於2023-09-02).
- ^ The Farhud. Holocaust Encyclopedia. [2023-10-18]. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-14).
- ^ Bashkin 2012 "The quick defeat of Rashid 'Ali, after a short period of national euphoria, and the allegations that the Jews had aided the British, made for a volatile situation, which exploded violently on the first and second days of June."
- ^ Kaplan, Robert D. In Defense of Empire . The Atlantic. April 2014: 13–15 [2024-08-14]. (原始內容存檔於2024-08-13).
- ^ Bashkin 2012,第121頁.
- Bashkin, Orit. New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq. Stanford University Press. 2012-01-01. ISBN 978-0-8047-8201-2. OCLC 811502389. doi:10.1515/9780804782012.
- Gat, Moshe. The Jewish exodus from Iraq, 1948-1951 . London: Frank Cass. 1997 [2024-08-14]. ISBN 978-1-299-73041-0. OCLC 853240584. OL 991630M. (原始內容存檔於2023-09-06) –透過The Open Library.
- Tripp, Charles R. H. The Jewish community in Iraq and 1948 . Rogan, Eugene L.; Shlaim, Avi (編). The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 . New York: Cambridge University Press. 2001: 125–150. ISBN 978-0-521-79139-7. OCLC 1259662821 –透過Internet Archive.