維基百科

波斯語語法

波斯語語法（波斯語：دستور زبان فارسی (Dastur-e Zaban-e Farsi)；Persian grammar）是波斯語的語法。波斯語方言變體在伊朗、阿富汗、烏茲別克斯坦（撒馬爾罕、布哈拉以及蘇爾漢河州地區）與塔吉克斯坦等地使用。 波斯語類似於許多其他的印歐語言。 而波斯語在中古波斯語時期成為一種更具分析性的語言；語法上格位的使用減少，並且摒棄了語法性別的區分。 現代波斯語中的語法創新仍然持續存在，波斯語是為數不多的缺乏語法性別區分表達的印歐語言之一。

語序

  • کتاب آبی را دیدم‎ ketāb-e ābi-rā didam 'I saw the blue book'
  • کتاب آبی را دیدید‎ ketāb-e ābi-rā didid 'you (all) saw the blue book'
  • به من گفت که امروز نمی آمد‎ be man goft ke emruz nemi āmad 'he told me that he wasn't coming today'
  • کتاب آبی را از کتابخانه گرفت‎ ketāb-e ābi-rā az ketābxāne gereft 'she got the blue book from the library'

冠詞

  • 文學: کتاب روی میز است‎ ketāb ru-ye miz ast 'the book is on the table'.
  • 口語: کتابه روی میزه ‎ ketābe ru-ye miz 'e 'the book is on the table'

參考文獻

  • Abrahams, Simin (2005). Modern Persian: A Course-Book. Routledge.
  • Bleeck, Arthur Henry (1857). A Concise Grammar of the Persian Language.
  • Brookshaw, Dominic Parviz (2010). The Routledge Introductory Persian Course: Farsi Shirin Ast. Routledge.
  • Boyle, John Andrew (1966). Grammar of Modern Persian. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
  • Dahlen, Ashk (2010). Modern persisk grammatik (2nd edition 2014) (Swedish)
  • Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1875). A New Grammar Of The Persian Tongue, Part 1, Accidence: For The Use Of The Higher Classes In Schools And Colleges (reprinted 2010).
  • Elwell-Sutton, L.P. (1963). Elementary Persian Grammar.
  • Forbes, B. (1985). A Grammar of the Persian Language (reprinted 2003).
  • Forbes, Duncan (1869). A Grammar of the Persian Language (4th edition).
  • Ibrahim, Meerza Mohammad (1841). A Grammar Of The Persian Language: To Which Are Subjoined Several Dialogues; With An Alphabetical List Of The English And Persian Terms Of Grammar.
  • Johnson, Edwin Lee (1917). Historical Grammar of the Ancient Persian Language.
  • Jones, Sir William (1771). A Grammar of the Persian Language.
  • Kent, Roland G. (1950). Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon.
  • Lambton, Ann K.S. (1953) Persian Grammar. Cambridge University Press.
  • Lazard, Gilbert; Lyon, Shirley A. (1993). A Grammar of Contemporary Persian (Persian Studies, No 14) (paperback).
  • Mace, John (2003). Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision. Routledge Curzon.
  • Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997). Persian (Descriptive Grammars).
  • Obolensky, Serge; Yazdan Panah, Kambiz; Khaje Nouri, Fereidoun (1963). Persian Basic Course units 1-12. Foreign Service Institute, Washington. (Republished as Spoken Persian in 1973.)
  • Phillott, D. C. (1919) Higher Persian Grammar: For The Use Of The Calcutta University, vols, 1 and 2. (reprinted 2008)
  • Rafiee, Abdi (1975). Colloquial Persian. Routledge.
  • Rosen, Friedrich (reprinted 2010). Modern Persian Colloquial Grammar: Containing a Short Grammar, Dialogues and Extracts from Nasir-Eddin Shah's Diaries, Tales, Etc., and a Vocabulary (originally written in German in 1890).
  • St. Clair-Tisdall, William (1902). Modern Persian Conversation-Grammar; With Reading Lessons, English-Persian Vocabulary and Persian Letters.
  • Stilo, Donald L.; Clinton Jerome (1994). Modern Persian: Spoken and Written.
  • Thackston, Wheeler M. (1993) An Introduction to Persian (3rd edition). IBEX.
  • Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1979). Persian Grammar: History and State of Its Study (Trends in Linguistics State of the Art Reports, No 12).
  • Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1980). Modern Persian: Intermediate level 1. University of Michigan Press.
  • Yousef, Saeed & Torabi, Hayedeh (2012): Basic Persian: A Grammar and Workbook. Routledge.
  • Yousef, Saeed & Torabi, Hayedeh (2013): Intermediate Persian: A Grammar and Workbook. Routledge.

延伸閲讀

  • Perry, John R. "Persian morphology." Morphologies of Asia and Africa 2 (2007): 975-1019.
  • Paul, Ludwig. Persian grammar. Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. 2018. ISSN 1873-9830. 
  • Windfuhr, Gernot L. Persian grammar: History and state of its study. Vol. 12. Walter de Gruyter, 2011.

參閲

外部連結

在線波斯語動詞變位

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