耶書

本條目主要描述猶太教文獻中的耶書（Yeshu）。関於希伯來語的類似發音的名字請參看耶書亞。

耶書（希伯來語ישו ，Yeshu）指代托塞夫塔，巴比倫的塔木德和Toledot Yeshu記述的一個或者多個人。托塞夫塔（c 200）和巴比倫的塔木德（c 500）rarely^[1]Adin Steinsaltz認為耶書可能指生活在公元1或者2世紀的1個人。^[2]還有一些學者認為他就是指耶穌。

詞源

The Greek transliteration Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) *jesu-os → [jeˈsus] can stand for both Classical Biblical Hebrew Yehoshua [jəhoˈʃuaʕ] (top two) and Late Biblical Hebrew Yeshua [jeˈʃuaʕ] (bottom). This later form developed within Hebrew (not Aramaic).^[3] All three spelling variants occur in the Hebrew Bible, including when referring to the same person. During the Second Temple Period, Jews of Galilee tended to preserve the traditional spelling, keeping the <ו> letter for the [o] in the first syllable, even adding an additional letter for the [u] in the second syllable. However, Jews of Jerusalem tended to spell the name as they pronounced it, [jeˈʃuaʕ], contracting the spelling to ישוע without the [o] letter. Later, Aramaic references to the Hebrew Bible adopted the contracted phonetic form of this Hebrew name as an Aramaic name.

Yeshu一次源自希伯來語，是「拯救」、「傳達」之意^[4]，在猶太人第二聖殿時期一直保持着這種用法，耶書一詞在亞拉姆語和希伯來語聖經中被廣泛使用：希伯來聖經中多次同時使用Yeshu和Joshua。

鑑定耶書和耶穌的關係

已知最早的巴比倫塔木德中出現的耶書被認為指的就是基督教中的耶穌，該說法源自中世紀，現代學者對此有各種不同觀點^[5]。部分當代學者認為這些段落指向基督教和基督徒描述的耶穌^[6]，另外一部分學者認為這些段落是後世拉比添加的內容^[7]^[8]，塔木德學者Johann Maier（英語：Johann Maier (talmudic scholar)）認為米書拿和兩個塔木德版本均沒有記錄耶穌^[9]。塔木德中關於耶穌的生活時間的描述是矛盾的，Sotah 47a和Sanhedrin 107中表示耶穌生活在Alexander Jannaeus的統治時期 (公元前103～前76年)，但是Sanhedrin 43a中提到耶穌於公元200～500年之間被處死。

參考文獻

引用

^ Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. 譯自德文（1996版）
^ Jesus' Death Now Debated by Jews （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） by Eric J. Greenberg, The Jewish Week, USA, 2003年10月3日刊
^ David Talshir, 'Rabbinic Hebrew as Reflected in Personal Names', Scripta Hierosylamitana vol. 37, Magnes Press, Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 1998:374ff.
^ Brown Driver Briggs Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon; Hendrickson Publishers 1996 ISBN 1-56563-206-0
^ The Blackwell Companion to Jesus p220 Delbert Burkett - 2010 "That is to say, varying presuppositions as to the extent to which the ancient rabbis were preoccupied with Jesus and Christianity can easily predetermine which texts might be identified and interpreted as having him in mind."
^ Robert E. Van Voorst. Jesus outside the New Testament. 2000 ISBN 978-0-8028-4368-5. p. 124. "This is likely an inference from the Talmud and other Jewish usage, where Jesus is called Yeshu, and other Jews with the same name are called by the fuller name Yehoshua, "Joshua""
^ Meier, John P. The Roots of the Problem and the Person (Convenience link). A marginal Jew: rethinking the historical Jesus 1. Anchor Bible Series. 1991: 98 [August 3, 2011]. ISBN 978-0-385-26425-9. LCCN 91010538. OCLC 316164636. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-13）. While not accepting the full, radical approach of Maier, I think we can agree with him on one basic point: in the earliest rabbinic sources, there is no clear or even probable reference to Jesus of Nazareth. Furthermore, I favor the view that, when we do finally find such references in later rabbinic literature, they are most probably reactions to Christian claims, oral or written.
^ Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette. The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. 1998: 74–76. ISBN 978-0-8006-3122-2. LCCN 98016181. OCLC 38590348.
^ Johann Maier, Jesus von Nazareth in der talmudischen Uberlieferung (Ertrage der Forschung 82; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1978)

來源

Steven Bayme, Understanding Jewish History (KTAV), 1997
Daniel Boyarin, Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999
Robert Goldenberg, The Nations Know Ye Not: Ancient Jewish Attitudes towards Other Religions New York: New York University Press 1998
Mark Hirshman, A Rivalry of Genius: Jewish and Christian Biblical Interpretation in Late Antiquity trans. Baya Stein. Albany: SUNY PRess 1996
Joseph Klausner, Jesus of Nazareth (Beacon Books), 1964
Jacob Neusner, Judaism in the Matrix of Christianity Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1986
Jeffrey Rubenstein Rabbinic Stories (The Classics of Western Spirituality) New York: The Paulist Press, 2002
R. Travers Herford, Christianity in Talmud and Midrash (KTAV), 1975

外部連結

The Sepher Toldoth Yeshu and it's Links to the Gospel Jesus （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
(Refutations about) Jesus in the Talmud by Gil Student （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
The (alleged) Jesus Narrative In The Talmud by Gil Student
Did Jesus of Nazareth Exist? (The Talmud) by Dennis McKinsey （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Toldoth Yeshu （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） One version of the Toldoth Yeshu commonly dated to approximately the sixth century.
Did Jesus Live 100 B.C.? By G. R. S. Mead （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, a classic work dedicated to this topic
Jesus' Death Now Debated by Jews （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） by Eric J. Greenberg, The Jewish Week, USA, October 3, 2003

[TM1998-1] Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. 譯自德文（1996版）

[2] Jesus' Death Now Debated by Jews （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） by Eric J. Greenberg, The Jewish Week, USA, 2003年10月3日刊

[3] David Talshir, 'Rabbinic Hebrew as Reflected in Personal Names', Scripta Hierosylamitana vol. 37, Magnes Press, Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 1998:374ff.

[4] Brown Driver Briggs Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon; Hendrickson Publishers 1996 ISBN 1-56563-206-0

[5] The Blackwell Companion to Jesus p220 Delbert Burkett - 2010 "That is to say, varying presuppositions as to the extent to which the ancient rabbis were preoccupied with Jesus and Christianity can easily predetermine which texts might be identified and interpreted as having him in mind."

[6] Robert E. Van Voorst. Jesus outside the New Testament. 2000 ISBN 978-0-8028-4368-5. p. 124. "This is likely an inference from the Talmud and other Jewish usage, where Jesus is called Yeshu, and other Jews with the same name are called by the fuller name Yehoshua, "Joshua""

[Meier98-7] Meier, John P. The Roots of the Problem and the Person (Convenience link). A marginal Jew: rethinking the historical Jesus 1. Anchor Bible Series. 1991: 98 [August 3, 2011]. ISBN 978-0-385-26425-9. LCCN 91010538. OCLC 316164636. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-13）. While not accepting the full, radical approach of Maier, I think we can agree with him on one basic point: in the earliest rabbinic sources, there is no clear or even probable reference to Jesus of Nazareth. Furthermore, I favor the view that, when we do finally find such references in later rabbinic literature, they are most probably reactions to Christian claims, oral or written.

[Theissen&Merz-8] Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette. The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. 1998: 74–76. ISBN 978-0-8006-3122-2. LCCN 98016181. OCLC 38590348.

[9] Johann Maier, Jesus von Nazareth in der talmudischen Uberlieferung (Ertrage der Forschung 82; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1978)

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