用戶:It's gonna be awesome/sandbox3
台灣的數據
- ADHD在台灣兒童的盛行率(=患病率)約為7%。依據衛生福利部中央健保署之健保資料庫的資料顯示，兒童就醫者大約是2.5%左右。ADHD兒童盛行率 - 就醫率 = 4.5 % ，也就是有超過一半的過動兒沒有接受相關治療。[1]
- ADHD台灣成人的盛行率推估為一百個成人中大約有四位(4%)左右的ADHD成人患者。根據健保資料庫的資料顯示：18~50歲成人，曾被診斷為ADHD的比率為0.057% (十萬分之五十七、一百人中有0.057人曾經為此就診)。[2]
Pending Translation
pending translation in non-distant future
International Classification of Diseases
In the ICD-10, the symptoms of "hyperkinetic disorder" are analogous to ADHD in the DSM-5. When a conduct disorder (as defined by ICD-10)[3] is present, the condition is referred to as hyperkinetic conduct disorder. Otherwise, the disorder is classified as disturbance of activity and attention, other hyperkinetic disorders or hyperkinetic disorders, unspecified. The latter is sometimes referred to as hyperkinetic syndrome.[3]
In the preliminary draft for ICD-11 (planned for 2018), ADHD is classified under 6A42 (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and everything seems to be fully identical now to DSM-5.[4]
International Classification of Diseases[edit]
世界通用疾病分類手冊（國際通用的疾病分類表）（ICD, International Classification of Diseases）
In the ICD-10, the symptoms of "hyperkinetic disorder" are analogous to ADHD in the DSM-5.
世界衛生組織出版的《世界通用疾病分類手冊》第十版（ICD-10, International Classification of Disease-10，又稱為「國際通用的疾病分類表」）, 「過度活躍症」的症狀等同於DSM-5中ADHD的症狀。（在ICD-10中ADHD被稱為「過度活躍症」Hyperkinetic Disorder）[5]
The following paragraph will be tentatively left un-translated as DSM-5 is the most referred to by doctors across the world.
When a conduct disorder(as defined by ICD-10)[41] is present, the condition is referred to as hyperkinetic conduct disorder. Otherwise, the disorder is classified as disturbance of activity and attention, other hyperkinetic disorders or hyperkinetic disorders, unspecified. The latter is sometimes referred to as hyperkinetic syndrome.[41]
In the preliminary draft for ICD-11 (planned for 2018), ADHD is classified under 6A42 (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and everything seems to be fully identical now to DSM-5.[124]
預定於2018年發行的ICD-11 （ICD 第十一版）的初始草稿中，「注意力不足過動症」被分類於6A42（ADHD）的類別裏，而該ADHD類別中的定義暨介紹已趨近現時之DSM-5。[6]
Definition of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in International Classification of Disease
Definition Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a persistent pattern (at least 6 months) of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, with onset during the developmental period, typically early to mid-childhood. The degree of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity is outside the limits of normal variation expected for age and level of intellectual functioning and significantly interferes with academic, occupational, or social functioning. Inattention refers to significant difficulty in sustaining attention to tasks that do not provide a high level of stimulation or frequent rewards, distractibility and problems with organization. Hyperactivity refers to excessive motor activity and difficulties with remaining still, most evident in structured situations that require behavioural self-control. Impulsivity is a tendency to act in response to immediate stimuli, without deliberation or consideration of the risks and consequences. The relative balance and the specific manifestations of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive characteristics varies across individuals, and may change over the course of development. In order for a diagnosis of disorder the behaviour pattern must be clearly observable in more than one setting.
Inclusions attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity attention deficit syndrome with hyperactivity Exclusions Autism spectrum disorder (6A20) Disruptive behaviour or dissocial disorders (6D90-6D9Z) All Index Terms There are no index terms associated with this entity
Definition of hyperkinetic disorder by International Classification of Disorder-10
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) Version for 2010 Chapter V
Mental and behavioural disorders
(F00-F99)
心理與行為疾病
Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence
(F90-F98)
早發於青少年時期的情緒及行為疾病
F90 Hyperkinetic disorders
A group of disorders characterized by an early onset (usually in the first five years of life), lack of persistence in activities that require cognitive involvement, and a tendency to move from one activity to another without completing any one, together with disorganized, ill-regulated, and excessive activity.
年紀輕輕（通常在零到五歲的時候）就出現難以持續進行一件需要動腦的活動、常常一件事情還沒做一個段落就跳到另一個事情去，並伴隨「組織與規劃能力」的不足、聽從指示上的困難、過多的活動。
Several other abnormalities may be associated.
ADHD可能與其他疾病共病。
Hyperkinetic children are often reckless and impulsive, prone to accidents, and find themselves in disciplinary trouble because of unthinking breaches of rules rather than deliberate defiance.
患有「Hyperkinetic disorder」的孩子通常較衝動、沒有三思而後行。因此容易發生意外。「聽從指示上的困難」通常起因於沒有「三思而後行」，「刻意造反」相較之下的可能性較低。
Deliberate adjective (often something bad) intentional or planned. Defiant adjective proudly refusing to obey authority.
Their relationships with adults are often socially disinhibited, with a lack of normal caution and reserve. They are unpopular with other children and may become isolated.
患者跟成人的交流可能是毫無保留的，缺乏正常的戒心與保守。患者可能在群體之中不受歡迎且受到孤立。
Impairment of cognitive functions is common, and specific delays in motor and language development are disproportionately frequent.
認知功能的不足是常見的，運動和語言發展上的延遲、遲緩更是頻繁。
Secondary complications include dissocial behaviour and low self-esteem.
次要的併發症包含非社會化（社會無法接受）的行為以及低自尊心。
Publish version:
世界通用疾病分類手冊 第十版（ICD-10, International Classification of Disease-10，又稱為「國際通用的疾病分類表」）
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) Version for 2010
Chapter V
以下為2010年出版之《世界通用疾病分類手冊 第十版》第五章節
Mental and behavioural disorders
(F00-F99)
心理與行為疾病（F00-F99）
Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence
(F90-F98)
早發於青少年時期的情緒及行為疾病 （F90-F98）
F90 Hyperkinetic disorders
F90「過度活躍症」
A group of disorders characterized by an early onset (usually in the first five years of life), lack of persistence in activities that require cognitive involvement, and a tendency to move from one activity to another without completing any one, together with disorganized, ill-regulated, and excessive activity.
年紀輕輕（通常在零到五歲的時候）就出現難以持續進行一件需要動腦的活動、常常一件事情還沒做一個段落就跳到另一個事情去，並伴隨「組織與規劃能力」的不足、聽從指示上的困難、過多的活動。
Several other abnormalities may be associated.
ADHD可能與其他疾病共病。
Hyperkinetic children are often reckless and impulsive, prone to accidents, and find themselves in disciplinary trouble because of unthinking breaches of rules rather than deliberate defiance.
患有「Hyperkinetic disorder」的孩子通常較衝動、沒有三思而後行。因此容易發生意外。「聽從指示上的困難」通常起因於沒有「三思而後行」，「刻意造反」相較之下的可能性較低。
Deliberate adjective (often something bad) intentional or planned. Defiant adjective proudly refusing to obey authority.
Their relationships with adults are often socially disinhibited, with a lack of normal caution and reserve. They are unpopular with other children and may become isolated.
患者跟成人的交流可能是毫無保留的，缺乏正常的戒心與保守。患者可能在群體之中不受歡迎且受到孤立。
Impairment of cognitive functions is common, and specific delays in motor and language development are disproportionately frequent.
認知功能的不足是常見的，運動和語言發展上的延遲、遲緩更是頻繁。
Secondary complications include dissocial behaviour and low self-esteem.
次要的併發症包含非社會化（社會無法接受）的行為以及低自尊心。
Excl.: anxiety disorders (F41.-) mood [affective] disorders (F30-F39) pervasive developmental disorders (F84.-) schizophrenia (F20.-) F90.0 Disturbance of activity and attention Attention deficit: disorder with hyperactivity hyperactivity disorder syndrome with hyperactivity Excl.: hyperkinetic disorder associated with conduct disorder (F90.1) F90.1 Hyperkinetic conduct disorder Hyperkinetic disorder associated with conduct disorder F90.8 Other hyperkinetic disorders F90.9 Hyperkinetic disorder, unspecified Hyperkinetic reaction of childhood or adolescence NOS Hyperkinetic syndrome NOS F91 Conduct disorders Disorders characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of dissocial, aggressive, or defiant conduct. Such behaviour should amount to major violations of age-appropriate social expectations; it should therefore be more severe than ordinary childish mischief or adolescent rebelliousness and should imply an enduring pattern of behaviour (six months or longer). Features of conduct disorder can also be symptomatic of other psychiatric conditions, in which case the underlying diagnosis should be preferred.
Examples of the behaviours on which the diagnosis is based include excessive levels of fighting or bullying, cruelty to other people or animals, severe destructiveness to property, fire-setting, stealing, repeated lying, truancy from school and running away from home, unusually frequent and severe temper tantrums, and disobedience. Any one of these behaviours, if marked, is sufficient for the diagnosis, but isolated dissocial acts are not.
Excl.: mood [affective] (F30-F39) pervasive developmental disorders (F84.-) schizophrenia (F20.-) when associated with: emotional disorders (F92.-) hyperkinetic disorders (F90.1) F91.0 Conduct disorder confined to the family context Conduct disorder involving dissocial or aggressive behaviour (and not merely oppositional, defiant, disruptive behaviour), in which the abnormal behaviour is entirely, or almost entirely, confined to the home and to interactions with members of the nuclear family or immediate household. The disorder requires that the overall criteria for F91.- be met; even severely disturbed parent-child relationships are not of themselves sufficient for diagnosis.
F91.1 Unsocialized conduct disorder Disorder characterized by the combination of persistent dissocial or aggressive behaviour (meeting the overall criteria for F91.- and not merely comprising oppositional, defiant, disruptive behaviour) with significant pervasive abnormalities in the individual's relationships with other children.
Conduct disorder, solitary aggressive type Unsocialized aggressive disorder F91.2 Socialized conduct disorder Disorder involving persistent dissocial or aggressive behaviour (meeting the overall criteria for F91.- and not merely comprising oppositional, defiant, disruptive behaviour) occurring in individuals who are generally well integrated into their peer group.
Conduct disorder, group type Group delinquency Offences in the context of gang membership Stealing in company with others Truancy from school F91.3 Oppositional defiant disorder Conduct disorder, usually occurring in younger children, primarily characterized by markedly defiant, disobedient, disruptive behaviour that does not include delinquent acts or the more extreme forms of aggressive or dissocial behaviour. The disorder requires that the overall criteria for F91.- be met; even severely mischievous or naughty behaviour is not in itself sufficient for diagnosis. Caution should be employed before using this category, especially with older children, because clinically significant conduct disorder will usually be accompanied by dissocial or aggressive behaviour that goes beyond mere defiance, disobedience, or disruptiveness.
F91.8 Other conduct disorders F91.9 Conduct disorder, unspecified Childhood: behavioural disorder NOS conduct disorder NOS F92 Mixed disorders of conduct and emotions A group of disorders characterized by the combination of persistently aggressive, dissocial or defiant behaviour with overt and marked symptoms of depression, anxiety or other emotional upsets. The criteria for both conduct disorders of childhood (F9l.-) and emotional disorders of childhood (F93.-) or an adult-type neurotic diagnosis (F40-F48) or a mood disorder (F30-F39) must be met.
F92.0 Depressive conduct disorder This category requires the combination of conduct disorder (F91.-) with persistent and marked depression of mood (F32.-), as demonstrated by symptoms such as excessive misery, loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities, self-blame, and hopelessness; disturbances of sleep or appetite may also be present.
Conduct disorder in F91.- associated with depressive disorder in F32.- F92.8 Other mixed disorders of conduct and emotions This category requires the combination of conduct disorder (F91.-) with persistent and marked emotional symptoms such as anxiety, obsessions or compulsions, depersonalization or derealization, phobias, or hypochondriasis.
Conduct disorder in F91.- associated with: emotional disorder in F93.- neurotic disorder in F40-F48 F92.9 Mixed disorder of conduct and emotions, unspecified F93 Emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood Mainly exaggerations of normal developmental trends rather than phenomena that are qualitatively abnormal in themselves. Developmental appropriateness is used as the key diagnostic feature in defining the difference between these emotional disorders, with onset specific to childhood, and the neurotic disorders (F40-F48).
Excl.: when associated with conduct disorder (F92.-) F93.0 Separation anxiety disorder of childhood Should be diagnosed when fear of separation constitutes the focus of the anxiety and when such anxiety first arose during the early years of childhood. It is differentiated from normal separation anxiety when it is of a degree (severity) that is statistically unusual (including an abnormal persistence beyond the usual age period), and when it is associated with significant problems in social functioning.
Excl.: mood [affective] disorders (F30-F39) neurotic disorders (F40-F48) phobic anxiety disorder of childhood (F93.1) social anxiety disorder of childhood (F93.2) F93.1 Phobic anxiety disorder of childhood Fears in childhood that show a marked developmental phase specificity and arise (to some extent) in a majority of children, but that are abnormal in degree. Other fears that arise in childhood but that are not a normal part of psychosocial development (for example agoraphobia) should be coded under the appropriate category in section F40-F48.
Excl.: generalized anxiety disorder (F41.1) F93.2 Social anxiety disorder of childhood In this disorder there is a wariness of strangers and social apprehension or anxiety when encountering new, strange, or socially threatening situations. This category should be used only where such fears arise during the early years, and are both unusual in degree and accompanied by problems in social functioning.
Avoidant disorder of childhood or adolescence
Citation: http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F90
Medical conditions which can cause ADHD type symptoms include: hyperthyroidism, seizure disorder, lead toxicity, hearing deficits, hepatic disease, sleep apnea, drug interactions, untreated celiac disease, and head injury.[25][60]
治療ADHD的時候，若患者亦有以下表列之疾病，則可與ADHD同步治療。[7][8][9][10][11]
以下疾病可能造成類似注意力不足過動症的相關症狀：
- 甲狀腺機能亢進（hyperthyroidism）
- 癲癇（seizure disorder）
- 鉛中毒（lead toxicity）
- 聽覺障礙（hearing deficits）
- 乳糜瀉（celiac disease）
- 肝病（hepatic disease）
- 不同藥品之間的交互作用（Drug Interactions）
- 睡眠呼吸中止症（sleep apnea）
- 腦部缺氧（Brain Hypoxia/shortage of oxygen to the brain）
- 可能造成腦部缺氧的常見可能因素（過敏相關）：
- 鼻息肉肥厚
- 鼻中膈彎曲
- 氣管、支氣管收縮或肥厚
- 頭部受傷（head injury）
Citation：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder#Differential_diagnosis
Reply backup
Trial of inssertion of outward appearance of Concerta
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Galerella sanguinea (Slender Mongoose) -
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Felis silvestris catus (A Young Cat) -
Felis catus (cat on snow) -
Felis silvestris catus (Tired 20-year-old cat) -
Felis silvestris catus (Cat) -
Felis silvestris silvestris (European wildcat) -
Felis catus (Domestic cat) -
Lynx lynx (A Young Lynx) -
Concerta tablet(bump)
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Impact on marriage
Look the pages of Adult with ADHD in which the bookmark is inserted.
兩性交往與婚姻問題
注意力不足過動症患者活潑開朗、熱心助人、說話風趣、勇於告白的特性對於兩性交往與婚姻來說都具有加分作用Plus。 然而交往一段時間後，注意力不足過動症患者的負面特質，例如：沒耐心、容易遲到、無法專心聽人說話、交代的事情老是忘記、需要幫忙的時候找不到人、生活習慣及生活作息不佳、喜歡開快車、個性很迷糊、……，可能就會讓對方萌生退意。
如果順利通過交往，共結連理，則接下來注意力不足過動症患者可能遇到的挑戰為：比起交往時期多了許多柴米油鹽醬醋茶之事，患者可能會因為忘記付帳單、照顧小孩很恍神、做事虎頭蛇尾而引起夫妻間的爭吵，為婚姻生活埋下陰影。
幸運的是，注意力不足過動症是可以治療的，只要提升專注力，落實執行力，ADHD患者一樣可以活出美好天賦，有着精采陽光的人生。
Merit points that were born with ADHD. (applies to pure ADHD without any associated disorders involved in)
Look over the pages of Adult with ADHD in which the bookmark is installed/deployed. =)
continue the Denial Mindset seen in ADHDs
Think of how to write for the sake/in the light of comprising those references over "Face or integrity" into the main article.
Frequently asked questions and their answers
- 問題 Question:
- 「我的孩子並無上述『注意力不足過動症（ADHD）』的所有特徵，所以他不是『注意力不足過動症（ADHD）』。」
- 答覆 Answer：
- 有無全部特徵牽涉到是否有其他共病存在且「治療」的主要目的在於協助患者避免缺點並發揚優點。「注意力不足過動症（ADHD）」的診斷係依據DSM-TR精神疾病診斷與統計手冊的標準並輔以其他相關資料。
Bar-Table experiments
| Substance | Temperature | Relative size | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mercury | −38.72 °C（−37.70 °F） | ||
| Bromine | −7.10 °C（19.22 °F） | ||
| Water | 0 °C（32 °F） | ||
| Phosphorus | 44.10 °C（111.38 °F） | ||
| Iodine | 7% | ||
| Sulphur | 115.36 °C（239.65 °F） | ||
Bar-Table experiments
| Example | Rendering | |
|---|---|---|
| Only value | 272 | |
| Negative value | -72 | |
| Math expression | exp(1)*1e2 | |
| Value and unit (note added space) | 272 km/h | |
| Value and unit (link to definition) | 272° | |
| Value and unit (with formatting) | θ = 272° | |
| Value and unit (with conversion) | 272 km（169 mi） | |
| Value and scale | 272 | |
| Value and height | 272 | |
| Value and style | 272 | |
| Value with commas, and scale | 2,720 | |
| The full monty | 18^2% | |
Formal experiments begins
| Example | Rendering | |
|---|---|---|
| Only value | 0.57% | |
| Negative value | 7% | |
| ADHD在台灣兒童及青少年的盛行率（保守估計） | 35% | |
| Value with commas, and scale | 500% | |
- ^ 找回專注力：成人ADHD全方位自助手冊
- ^ 找回專注力：成人ADHD全方位自助手冊
- ^ 3.0 3.1 F90 Hyperkinetic disorders, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision, World Health Organisation, 2010 [2 November 2014]
- ^ ICD-11 Beta Draft. who.int
- ^ [1]
- ^ ICD-11 Beta Draft. who.int
- ^ Gentile JP, Atiq R, Gillig PM. Adult ADHD: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Medication Management. Psychiatry (Edgmont). August 2006, 3 (8): 25–30. PMC 2957278
. PMID 20963192.
- ^ Ertürk, E; Wouters, S; Imeraj, L; Lampo, A. Association of ADHD and Celiac Disease: What Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of the Literature.. Journal of Attention Disorders (Review). 29 January 2016. PMID 26825336. doi:10.1177/1087054715611493.
Up till now, there is no conclusive evidence for a relationship between ADHD and CD. Therefore, it is not advised to perform routine screening of CD when assessing ADHD (and vice versa) or to implement GFD as a standard treatment in ADHD. Nevertheless, the possibility of untreated CD predisposing to ADHD-like behavior should be kept in mind. ... It is possible that in untreated patients with CD, neurologic symptoms such as chronic fatigue, inattention, pain, and headache could predispose patients to ADHD-like behavior (mainly symptoms of inattentive type), which may be alleviated after GFD treatment. (CD: celiac disease; GFD: gluten-free diet)
- ^ Seasonal Digest published by Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
- ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為
pmid27664125的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder#Differential_diagnosis
