三位證人

	本文屬於
	後期聖徒運動
	系列的一部分
	後期聖徒運動歷史
	後期聖徒 · 摩爾門教; 第一次異象 · 繼承危機; 嘉德蘭安全會(銀行)（英語：Kirtland_Safety_Society）
	後期聖徒運動共同經典
	《聖經》（斯密約瑟譯本／靈感本）; 《摩爾門經》; 《教義和聖約》／《誡命書》
	重要人物
	斯密約瑟 · 考得里奧利佛（英語：Oliver_Cowdery）; 雷格登瑟耐 · 楊百翰; 斯密約瑟三世（英語：Joseph_Smith_III） · 斯特朗雅各; 三位證人 · 八位證人（英語：Eight_Witnesses）
	早期官方刊物
	《夜與晨星》　　　（1832-1833年）; 《傳訊者和提倡者》（1834-1837年）; 《長老期刊》　　　（1837-1838年）; 《時代與季節》　　（1839-1846年）
	建築物
	鹽湖城聖殿 · 獨立城聖殿; 嘉德蘭聖殿 · 納府聖殿（英語：Nauvoo_Temple）; 迦太基監獄（英語：Carthage_Jail） · 家譜圖書館; 耶穌基督後期聖徒教會會議中心; 約瑟·斯密紀念大廈; 基督社區禮堂
	相關教義
	為死者洗禮（英語：Baptism_for_the_dead） · 智慧語 · 恩道門（英語：Endowment_(Latter_Day_Saints)）; 聖殿婚姻（英語：Sealing_(Mormonism)）
	機構
	耶穌基督後期聖徒教會·十二使徒定額組(LDS)（英語：Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)） · 十二使徒定額組(CoC)（英語：Council_of_Twelve_Apostles_(Community_of_Christ)）; 慈助會 · 七十員會長團（英語：Category:Presidents_of_the_Seventy_(LDS_Church)）; Intellectual Reserve公司（英語：Intellectual_Reserve）
	衝突
	摩爾門戰爭 · 納府軍團
	宗派分支
	; 基督社區; 基督的教會 (聖殿基地); 耶穌基督的教會 (比克頓派); 耶穌基督後期聖徒教會 (斯特朗派); 基本教義派的耶穌基督後期聖徒教會; 殘餘的耶穌基督後期聖徒教會（英語：Remnant_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints）; 有以利亞訊息的基督的教會（英語：Church_of_Christ_With_the_Elijah_Message）; 耶穌基督後期聖徒教會與基督社區差異（英語：Comparison_of_the_Community_of_Christ_and_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints）
	本模板：檢視; 討論; 編輯;

三位證人（英語：Three Witnesses）為早期後期聖徒運動中具關連性的3名人物之集合名詞，他們宣稱摩羅乃天使曾展示其給予約瑟·斯密的金頁片（英語：Golden plates），也就是後來翻譯而成的《摩爾門經》^[1]；他們也宣稱曾聽見神的聲音，展現翻譯這本書的神聖力量。這三個人皆為12名摩爾門經證人（英語：Book of Mormon witnesses）成員，其他成員包含約瑟·斯密以及八位證人（英語：Eight Witnesses）。

三位證人──奧利佛·考德（英語：Oliver Cowdery）、馬丁·哈里斯（英語：Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)）與大衛·惠特默（英語：David Whitmer）──的聯合證詞，已於1830年與八位證人的獨立證詞，首次同時出版於《摩爾門經》當中，並隨附於幾乎每一版的《摩爾門經》。所有三名證人最後皆與斯密及其組織的教會決裂，但哈里斯與考德在斯密過世後重新加入^[2]^[3]。惠特默則創立了他自己的基督教會（英語：Church of Christ (Whitmerite)）。三名證人直到去世為止，都堅持他們對《摩爾門經》的見證^[4]^[5]。

註解

^ Bushman, 2005 & 78
^ Oaks, Dallin H. The Witness: Martin Harris. [14 February 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-16）.
^ Faulring, Scott H. The Return of Oliver Cowdery. The Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarshup. [14 February 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2015-10-21）.
^ Givens, Terryl, The Book of Mormon: a very short introduction, Oxford University Press: 99, 2009 ("the three witnesses all defected from Smith and his church, (only Whitmer permanently), though all maintained until death the truth of the affidavits.")
^ In 1838, Joseph Smith called Cowdery, Harris, and Whitmer "too mean to mention; and we had liked to have forgotten them." B.H. Roberts, ed. History of the Church (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1905), 3: 232. Technically, Whitmer resigned before the High Council decided that he "be no longer considered a member of the Church of Christ of Latter day Saints." Ronald E. Romig, "Faithful Dissenter, Witness Apart," in Roger D. Launius and Linda Thatcher, Dissenting Visions: Dissenters in Mormon History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, p. 36; Michael Marquardt, "David Whitmer: His Evolving Beliefs and Recollections," in Scattering of the Saints, Schism within Mormonism, eds. Newell G. Bringhurst and John C. Hamer, (Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books, 2007) p. 50.

參考文獻

Anderson, Richard Lloyd. Investigating the Book of Mormon Witnesses. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company. 1981. ISBN 978-0-87747-846-1.
Brodie, Fawn McKay. No Man Knows My History: the Life of Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet 2nd., rev. and enl. New York: Vintage Books. 1995. ISBN 0-679-73054-0.
Bushman, Richard L. Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 1984. ISBN 978-0-252-06012-0.
Bushman, Richard L. Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2005. ISBN 1-4000-4270-4.
Cook, Lyndon W. (ed). David Whitmer Interviews, A Restoration Witness. Orem, Utah: Grandin Book. 1991. ISBN 978-0-910523-38-7.
Jessee, Dean C. (ed). The Papers of Joseph Smith. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company. 1989. ISBN 0-87579-199-9.
Latzer, Michael J. Whitmer, David. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. 2000.
Palmer, Grant H. An Insider's View of Mormon Origins. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. 2002. ISBN 1-56085-157-0.
Roberts, Brigham Henry. New Witnesses for God. (Vols. 1-3). Salt Lake City: Deseret News. 1911.
Vogel, Dan (ed). Early Mormon Documents. (Vols. 1-5). Salt Lake City: Signature Books. 1996–2003. ISBN 1-56085-072-8.

[1] Bushman, 2005 & 78

[2] Oaks, Dallin H. The Witness: Martin Harris. [14 February 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-16）.

[3] Faulring, Scott H. The Return of Oliver Cowdery. The Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarshup. [14 February 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2015-10-21）.

[4] Givens, Terryl, The Book of Mormon: a very short introduction, Oxford University Press: 99, 2009 ("the three witnesses all defected from Smith and his church, (only Whitmer permanently), though all maintained until death the truth of the affidavits.")

[5] In 1838, Joseph Smith called Cowdery, Harris, and Whitmer "too mean to mention; and we had liked to have forgotten them." B.H. Roberts, ed. History of the Church (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1905), 3: 232. Technically, Whitmer resigned before the High Council decided that he "be no longer considered a member of the Church of Christ of Latter day Saints." Ronald E. Romig, "Faithful Dissenter, Witness Apart," in Roger D. Launius and Linda Thatcher, Dissenting Visions: Dissenters in Mormon History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, p. 36; Michael Marquardt, "David Whitmer: His Evolving Beliefs and Recollections," in Scattering of the Saints, Schism within Mormonism, eds. Newell G. Bringhurst and John C. Hamer, (Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books, 2007) p. 50.

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