維基百科

世俗國家

对于宗教事务持中立态度，没有指定类似国教的宗教的国家

世俗國家（英語：Secular state）是指一些對於宗教事務持中立的國家，與之相對的是宗教國家。沒有對任何一種個別的宗教習俗持贊成或反對的態度，也是沒有類似國教的宗教。一個世俗國家也視信奉不同宗教的人為平等的個體，不會偏袒或歧視信奉個別宗教的人，保障宗教自由及言論自由。

  世俗國家或地區
  有國教的國家
  不明確或不詳

定義

世俗國家理論上保障宗教自由，並實行政教分離，也指一些防止宗教組織干預和控制政府權力的國家，更有法令保護任何一種宗教，包括少數宗教免受歧視。

在某些世俗國家中，有在比例上相當多的人信奉同一種宗教（如土耳其）；而某些則有很大的宗教多元性（如印度）。有些國家在建國時已自我定位為世俗國家、但仍相當多的人信奉一種宗教（如菲律賓），也有些是經過世俗化才成為世俗國家（如法國），還有不少在法律上實行政教分離、但保持國教（如馬來西亞）。在近代歷史上，世俗化的進程是給予人民宗教自由為開始、再後而廢止國教、停止使用公帑資助宗教團體、使法律脫離宗教的控制、開放教育系統（而不強制任何宗教）、接受公民自由改宗信仰、以及是容許信奉不同宗教的人擔任政治領袖的。此外，原有的宗教假日不受到影響，而公共機構運作也不會受到宗教團體的影響和控制。

在世界上，多數的政權已經成為世俗國家、包括不少的君主國與共和國。可是仍有不少自稱世俗的政權仍然是不完全世俗化，不設國教的國家仍對部分宗教組織給予保障。以天主教為國教的國家為例，法國、西班牙、葡萄牙等國家機構曾經長時間以天主教節日為公眾假期，會停止工作、上課，而天主教會學校的教師甚至是教堂的教理問答，仍往往是由公家支薪的。一些伊斯蘭教徒為主的國家如土耳其雖然是世俗國家，但在教育上仍具有伊斯蘭成分。

又例如越南共和國（南越），名義上是世俗國家，且人口多數是佛教徒，但因領導人吳廷琰篤信天主教，屢屢殺害比丘，導致釋廣德等多位法師自焚抗議，民眾大規模的反政府運動不斷，吳廷琰政權的殘忍，也失去同樣篤信天主教的美國總統甘迺迪支持，華府向駐越大使小亨利·卡波特·洛奇發了243號電報（Cable 243），決定不再支持吳廷琰，這推動了楊文明的1963年南越政變，也導致了吳廷琰之死。其中也包括緬甸聯邦共和國，一個以佛教徒為主的國家，大力殘害與種族滅絕信奉回教的羅興亞人。

世俗國家列表

這是截至2011年，世俗國家的不完全列表：

 
世俗性可能發生於一定程度（難以定義），但至少世俗國家普遍而言沒有國教。具有宗教信仰的國家在此幅地圖上顯示為彩色；而其他沒有國教的國家或地區則以灰色表示。
  基督教（包括新教和天主教）
  
  伊斯蘭教
  
  佛教

憲法明載的世俗國家

其他的世俗國家

前世俗國家列表

各大洲自我描述的世俗國家列表

非洲

亞洲

歐洲


1 橫貫大陸國家。
2 未被普遍承認的國家。

美洲

南美洲

具體介紹

大洋洲

具體介紹


跨大陸國家

對世俗國家有模糊定義的國家

  •   孟加拉
    • 孟加拉人民共和國是世俗國家還是伊斯蘭國家，在憲法上存在模糊性。[131] 2010年，孟加拉最高法院裁定時任孟加拉總統齊亞·拉赫曼1977年的憲法修正案非法，恢復了世俗主義作為孟加拉憲法的一部分。政治領導人和專家表示，他們不確定孟加拉是世俗國家還是伊斯蘭國家。[132]
  •   馬來西亞
    • 馬來西亞憲法第3條訂明伊斯蘭教為國教：「伊斯蘭教為聯邦之宗教；但其他宗教可在聯邦任何地方和平和諧地信奉。」[133] 1956年，聯盟黨向負責起草馬來亞憲法的里德委員會提交了一份備忘錄，備忘錄中引述：「馬來亞之宗教為伊斯蘭教。遵守此項原則並不會對信奉和實踐本教的非穆斯林國民造成任何限制，亦不意味着該州不是世俗國家。」[134]備忘錄全文插入委員會報告第169段。這一建議後來在 1957 年馬來亞聯邦憲法提案（白皮書）中得到推進，並在第 57 段中具體引用：「擬議的聯邦憲法已宣佈伊斯蘭教是聯邦的宗教。這絕不會影響聯邦作為世俗國家的現狀...。」[135]科博爾德委員會在1962 年也做出過類似的表述：「...我們同意伊斯蘭教應該成為聯邦的國教。我們確信，這項提案絕不會危及聯邦的宗教自由，因為聯邦的宗教自由實際上將是世俗的。」 [136] 1987年12月，最高法院院長沙烈·阿巴斯在一項裁決中將馬來西亞描述為由「世俗法律」統治的馬來西亞。[137]



註釋

  1. ^ 儘管美國某些州保留的法律名義上會阻止無神論者任職（例如阿肯色州，馬里蘭州，密西西比州，田納西州，南卡羅來納州和德克薩斯州），但由於這些法律在美國最高法院被宣佈違憲，因此這些法律不可執行 案件「 托卡索訴沃特金斯案」，理由是他們違反了合眾國憲法。
  2. ^ 美國參議院的確接受了任命的美國參議院牧師的祈禱。許多牧師以違反政教分離國家為由，進行了許多嘗試來取消這一立場。美國效忠誓言包含「在上帝之下的一個國家」。 美國的官方座右銘是「 我們信靠上帝」。
  3. ^ Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia provides, "the Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth.[108] However, the states retain the power to pass religiously discriminatory laws.[109]

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  135. ^ Federation of Malaya Constitutional Proposals Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer 1957–Articles 53-61 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期3 March 2016.
  136. ^ The birth of Malaysia: A reprint of the Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962 (Cobbold report) and the Report of the Inter-governmental Committee, (1962–I.G.C. report), p. 58
  137. ^ Wan Azhar Wan Ahmad, Historical legal perspective, 17 March 2009, The Star (Malaysia)

參見

外部連結

取自 "https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=世俗國家&oldid=84182288"