柳約翰
柳約翰[4](英語:John Yoo,1967年7月10日—),原名柳俊(音譯;韓語:유준),韓裔美籍法律學者,現任美國加州大學柏克萊分校法學院教授,曾在小布什總統任內出任美國司法部高級官員,因其批准美國陸軍與中央情報局在伊拉克戰爭中對戰俘施行暴力審訊(尤其是使用「坐水凳」方式)而飽受爭議。[5][6]
柳約翰 John Yoo | |
---|---|
出生 | John Choon Yoo 1967年7月10日 南韓首爾特別市 |
母校 | 哈佛大學文學士、耶魯大學法學博士 |
職業 | 法學教授、前美國司法部官員 |
知名於 | 主持批准美國對伊拉克戰俘進行暴力審訊、主張擴展美國總統行政職權 |
頭銜 | 美國司法部副助理部長[1] |
頭銜時期 | 2001年至2003年 |
政黨 | 美國共和黨 |
配偶 | Elsa Arnett[2] |
獎項 | Federalist Society Paul M. Bator Award (2001)[3] |
生平
柳約翰生於韓國漢城(後改名首爾),年少時同父母移民美國並定居費城,1993年獲得賓夕凡尼亞州律師從業資格,在加州大學柏克萊分校法學院就任教授。[7][2]
2001年,小布什政府聘請柳約翰就任副助理司法部長,任期中主持批准對美國反恐戰爭中俘獲的戰俘實施被外界普遍視作酷刑的「加強審訊」,其中「坐水凳」一項尤其受到爭議。柳約翰認為,美國施行的這些審訊手段不受到日內瓦公約中保護戰俘權利條款的限制,同時布什政府批准這些審訊手段也不違反1996年頒佈的《反戰爭罪法》。[8][9][10]另外,柳約翰還為布什政府實施的新竊聽計劃提供了法律依據。柳約翰的法律意見受到了布什政府其他官員的反對,其中包括時任國務卿的鮑威爾和海軍總法律顧問Alberto J. Mora[11]。柳約翰離任後的2003年到2004年間,司法部陸續撤銷了其就任期間負責制定的政策[12],且於2009年頒佈了一份調查報告譴責了柳約翰「故意的專業失當」[13][14][15][16],然而柳約翰本人認為這些調查是出於政黨鬥爭而對他實施的報復行為。[2]奧巴馬就任總統後正式宣佈撤銷其就任期間提出的法律意見。[17][18]
2008年,一名在反恐戰爭期間獲刑的美國公民José Padilla起訴柳約翰失職導致其受到政府不公正待遇。[19]美國北加州區法院判決柳約翰一審敗訴[20],但其後第九巡迴法院撤銷原判,判決柳約翰無過失。[21]曾任布什政府國務卿的鮑威爾在此案宣判後表示其認為柳約翰的作為違反了職業道德與法律。[22]2009年,一名西班牙法官指示西班牙檢查部門調查柳約翰等六名布什政府高官(媒體稱其為「布什六人幫」)任期內可能犯下的戰爭與反人類罪,但是西班牙檢方拒絕提出起訴。[23][24]
儘管其行政經歷飽受質疑,柳約翰從2003年退出政府後一直享受加州大學柏克萊大學的教授待遇。校方稱柳約翰的政見受到學術自由的保護,並且拒絕了批評者提出的聘約解除要求。柳約翰則批判反對其政見的柏克萊師生為「停留在越戰期間的原始穴居人類」,但是也聲稱他「非常喜歡在柏克萊任教」。[2]
出版書籍
- The Powers of War and Peace: The Constitution and Foreign Affairs after 9/11. University of Chicago Press. 2005. ISBN 0-226-96031-5.
- War by Other Means: An Insider's Account of the War on Terror. Atlantic Monthly Press. 2006. ISBN 0-87113-945-6.
- Crisis and Command: A History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush. Kaplan Publishing. 2010. ISBN 1-60714-555-3.
- Taming Globalization: International Law, the U.S. Constitution, and the New World Order. Julian Ku (co-author) (Oxford University Press). 2012.
- Point of Attack: Preventive War, International Law, and Global Welfare. Oxford University Press. 2014.
註釋
- ^ Faculty Profile (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Univ of California, Berkeley
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "In Berkeley, Yoo feels at home as a stranger in a strange land" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) by Carol J. Williams, Los Angeles Times, March 29, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-30. Arnett is the daughter of journalist Peter Arnett.
- ^ Past Bator Award Recipients 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2010-05-19.
- ^ O'Neil, Robert M. 美国学术自由面临的新挑战. 國際高等教育. 2009年12月, 2 (4) [2014-09-19]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04).
- ^ Richardson, John. Is John Yoo a Monster?. Esquire. May 13, 2008 [April 21, 2009]. (原始內容存檔於2009-05-02).
- ^ Frontline Interview with John Yoo. Frontline (PBS). July 19, 2005 [2014-09-19]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-25).
- ^ PA Attorney Information John Choon Yoo. The Disciplinary Board of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. [July 8, 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2011年9月30日).
- ^ Stout, David. Holder tells Senators Waterboarding is Torture. The New York Times. 15 January 2009 [21 April 2009]. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-19).
- ^ "The Interrogation Documents: Debating U.S. Policy and Methods" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), George Washington University;
- The Torture Memos and Academic Freedom (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) by Christopher Edley, Jr., The Honorable William Horsley Orrick, Jr., Distinguished Chair and Dean of UC Berkeley School of Law, Boalt Hall, April 10, 2008
- Bush Admits To Knowledge of Torture Authorization by Top Advisers (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) by the American Civil Liberties Union
- Yoo Two (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), by Scott Horton, "No Comment", April 3, 2008
- Glenn Greenwald, "Opinion: John Yoo: Spearhead or scapegoat?" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Salon, 12 April 2008
- ^ Suggested origin of legal justifications
- David Abraham, "The Bush Regime from Elections to Detentions: A Moral Economy of Carl Schmitt and Human Rights" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), University of Miami Law School, University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2007-20, May 2007
- Christopher L. Kutz, "Torture, Necessity and Existential Politics" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), University of California, Berkeley School of Law, Boalt Hall, UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 870602, December 2005
- Scott Horton, "Deconstructing John Yoo" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Harpers, January 23, 2008
- Philip S. Golub, "The will to undemocratic power" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Le Monde diplomatique, September 2006
- Gerhard Spörl, "The Leo-conservatives" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Der Spiegel, August 4, 2003
- ^ Mayer, Jane. The Memo: How an Internal Effort to Ban the Abuse and Torture of Detainees was Thwarted. The New Yorker. February 27, 2006 [April 22, 2009]. (原始內容存檔於2009-04-27).
- ^ Rosen, Jeffrey. Conscience of a Conservative. The New York Times Magazine. September 9, 2007 [April 23, 2009]. (原始內容存檔於2008-12-09).
- ^ Shane, Scott. Justice Dept to Critique Interrogation Methods Backed by Bush Team. The New York Times. February 16, 2009 [April 22, 2009]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-28).
- ^ Shane, Scott. Waterboarding Focus of Inquiry by Justice Dept. The New York Times. February 23, 2009 [April 22, 2009]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-12).
- ^ Johnston, David; Scott Shane. Interrogation Memos: Inquiry Suggests no Charges. The New York Times. May 6, 2009 [May 6, 2009]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-25).
- ^ OPR Final Report (PDF). Committee on the Judiciary. July 29, 2009 [July 4, 2011]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011年7月28日).
- ^ Executive order: Interrogation. USA Today. January 22, 2009 [2013-03-28]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-26).
- ^ Warrock, Joby and DeYoung, Karen. Obama Reverses Bush Policies On Detention and Interrogation. Washington Post. January 23, 2009 [2013-03-28]. (原始內容存檔於2013-04-13).
- ^ Yoo, John. Opinion: Terrorist Tort Travesty. The Wall Street Journal. January 19, 2008: A13 [2008-02-10]. (原始內容存檔於2012-11-08).
Last week, I (a former Bush administration official) was sued by José Padilla—a 37-year-old al Qaeda operative convicted last summer of setting up a terrorist cell in Miami. Padilla wants a declaration that his detention by the U.S. government was unconstitutional, $1 in damages, and all of the fees charged by his own attorneys.
- ^ Schwartz, John. Judge Allows Civil Lawsuit Over Claims of Torture. New York Times. June 13, 2009 [2009-06-14]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-09).
- ^ "'Padilla v. Yoo, argued and submitted June 14, 2010", Legal Eagle, 2 May 2012, accessed 18 January 2013
- ^ Norton-Taylor, Richard. Top Bush aides pushed for Guantánamo torture. London: The Guardian. April 19, 2008 [2008-04-27]. (原始內容存檔於2013-01-22).
- ^ Julian Borger, "Spanish judge to hear torture case against six Bush officials" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), The Observer, 29 March 2009
- ^ Spain may decide Guantánamo probe this week. Reuters. 2009-03-28 [2009-03-29]. (原始內容存檔於2009-03-30).