桃金孃科
桃金孃科(學名:Myrtaceae)是桃金娘目之下的一個真雙子葉植物的科有100屬,3000餘種,多樣性中心位於澳洲和美洲的熱帶和亞熱帶地區,台灣、廣東、廣西以及印度等地的氣候也適合其生長。中國大陸原產8屬,引種了5屬,共約136種。臺灣有9屬30種。
桃金娘科 化石時期:中新世早期至現在
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香桃木(Myrtus communis)的花葉 | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots |
演化支: | 薔薇類植物 Rosids |
目: | 桃金娘目 Myrtales |
科: | 桃金娘科 Myrtaceae Juss.[1] |
模式屬 | |
香桃木屬 Myrtus L., 1753
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亞科、族與屬 | |
約130個屬,詳見內文 | |
異名 | |
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形態
常綠灌木或喬木。樹皮常呈斑駁狀,隨着植株生長整片剝落。葉對生或互生,單葉,多全緣,有邊脈,沒有托葉;葉面常布有透明的油腺斑點,葉片揉碎後有類似樟樹的氣味,產生的油脂可用來製作精油。
花單生,簇生,或排列為聚傘花序、總狀花序或瓶刷狀結構。 花兩性,常輻射對稱,具有發達的被絲托。萼片和花瓣常為4或5基數,花瓣可呈白色、黃色、紅色或粉色。雄蕊多如睫毛,極少情況下小於10枚,分離或成數束,花絲細長柔。子房常為下位,一至多室,胚珠的排列方式常為中軸胎座,僅一枚花柱和柱頭;果實為肉質的漿果或木質、成熟時開裂的蒴果。種子多無胚乳[2]。
分類
歷史
本科物種早期被二分為兩個亞科,即果實干質、葉片多螺旋互生、澳大拉西亞分佈的細籽亞科(Leptospermoideae;約80屬)以及果實肉質、葉片多全緣對生、全球熱帶及亞熱帶分佈的桃金娘亞科(Myrtoideae;約75屬)。但這種分類法受到質疑。1984年,Johnson和Briggs僅用形態性狀所建的系統發生樹將桃金孃科分成14個支系,並以此將本科分為14個族,還發現傳統定義下的桃金娘亞科為多系群[3]。
21世紀初期較為常用的一套分類體系由Wilson等人於2001年提出[4],基於的是對葉綠體基因的系統發生分析。Wilson等人發現傳統分類下的兩個亞科均不符合現代系統分類學所規定的類群單系原則,因而將上述的二亞科系統其推翻,但保留了亞科級別以下的數個小單系類群的名稱。截至2008年,多組學者通過基於DNA多次印證二亞科系統無法準確地反應該科的演化歷史,並推論該科中漿果型的肉質果實曾兩次獨立從具干質蒴果的祖先演化而來。
近期的分類法把本科物種分為裸木亞科(Psiloxyloideae)及桃金娘亞科(Myrtoideae)兩個亞科,然後再細分為17個族[5]。不過由於每年都由被劃歸本科的新物種的發現,這些新發現都可能會對現時的分類造成衝擊。
系統
根據Wilson (2011)[6],本科物種可作如下分類:
裸木亞科 Psiloxyloideae
桃金娘亞科 Myrtoideae
- tribe Xanthostemoneae
- tribe Lophostemoneae
- tribe Osbornieae
- tribe Melaleuceae
- tribe Kanieae
- tribe Backhousieae
- tribe Metrosidereae
- tribe Tristanieae
- tribe Syzygieae
- tribe Myrteae
- tribe Eucalypteae
- tribe Syncarpieae
- tribe Lindsayomyrteae
- tribe Leptospermeae
- tribe Chamelaucieae
屬列表
本科包括以下屬:
- 野鳳榴屬 Acca O.Berg
- Accara Landrum
- Acialyptus Jacks., 1893
- Actinodium Schauer
- Actinodium Schauer ex Schltdl.
- Adhunia Vell.
- Agonis (DC.) Sweet
- Agonis Lindl.
- Aldwickia M.E.J.Chandler, 1961
- Algrizea Proença & NicLugh.
- Allosyncarpia S.T.Blake
- Aluta Rye & Trudgen
- Amomyrtella Kausel
- Amomyrtus (Burret) D.Legrand & Kausel
- Angophora Cav.
- Anticoryne Turcz.
- Archirhodomyrtus (Nied.) Burret
- Arillastrum Pancher ex Baill.
- Arillastrum Pancher ex Brongn. & Gris
- Astartea DC.
- Asteromyrtus Schauer
- Astus Trudgen & Rye
- Austrobaeckea Rye
- Austromyrtus (Nied.) Burret
- Babingtonia Lindl.
- Backhousea Kuntze, 1903
- Backhousia Hook. & Harv.
- Baechea Colla, 1824
- Baecka Cothen., 1790
- 崗松屬 Baeckea L.
- Baeckia Andrews, 1810
- Balaustion Hook.
- Barongia Peter G.Wilson & B.Hyland
- Basisperma C.T.White
- Beaufortia R.Brown ex W.T.Aiton, 1812
- Beckea J.St.-Hil., 1806
- Billiotia Endl., 1837
- Billiotia Rchb., 1841
- Billiottia Endl., 1840
- Billotia Colla, 1824
- Billottia R.Br.
- Blepharocalyx O.Berg
- 瓶刷子樹屬 Callistemon R.Br.
- Callistemonites M.B.Bande, R.C.Mehrotra & U.Prakash, 1986
- Callistemonoxylon M.B.Bande, R.C.Mehrotra & U.Prakash, 1986
- Callistemophyllum Ettingshausen, 1853
- Calostemon T.Post & Kuntze, 1903
- Calycolpus O.Berg
- Calycorectes O.Berg
- Calypthrantes Raeusch., 1797
- Calyptranthes Sw.
- Calyptranthus Juss., 1806
- Calyptrogenia Burret
- Calytrix Labill.
- Cambea Endl., 1840
- Campomanesia Ruiz & Pav.
- Celoporthe
- Cerquieria Benth. & Hook.f., 1865
- Chamaelaucium DC., 1828
- Chamelaucium Desf.
- Chamguava Landrum
- Cheyniana Rye
- Ciposia Silveira, 1918
- Cloezia Brongn. & Gris
- 傘房桉屬 Corymbia K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson
- Cumbea Wight & Arn., 1834
- Curitiba Salywon & Landrum
- Cyathostemon Turcz.
- Darwinia Rudge
- Darwynia Rchb., 1841
- 子楝樹屬 Decaspermum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Diplachna Kuntze & T.Post, 1903
- Draparnalda St.-Lag.
- Draparnandia Montrouzier, 1860
- Enekbatus Trudgen & Rye
- Ericomyrtus Turcz.
- Eucalyptophyllum Fontaine, 1889
- Eucalyptopsis C.T.White
- 桉屬 Eucalyptus L'Hér.
- 番櫻桃屬 Eugenia L.
- Eugeniaites Loubiere, 1933
- Euryomyrtus Schauer
- Faetidia Comm. ex Juss., 1789
- Feijoa O.Berg
- Glaphiria Spach, 1835
- Glayphyria G.Don, 1832
- Gomidezia Benth. & Hook.f., 1865
- Gossia N.Snow & Guymer
- Guaiava Tourn. ex Adans., 1763
- 嘉寶果屬 Guapurium Juss., 1789,為樹番櫻屬(Plinia Plum. ex L.)的異名。
- Guapurium caipirinha [7]
- 密葉崗松屬 Harmogia Schauer, 1843
- 薰衣樹屬 Heteropyxis Harv., 1863
- 苞蠟花屬 Homalocalyx F.Muell., 1857
- 堅柳梅屬 Homalospermum Schauer, 1843
- 纓蠟花屬 Homoranthus A.Cunn. ex Schauer, 1836
- Hypestes Kuntze, 1903
- Hypocalimna Turcz., 1862
- Hypocalymma (Endl.) Endl.
- Hypocalymna Endl., 1843
- Hypocalymna Meisn., 1843
- Hysterobaeckea (Nied.) Rye
- Jambus Noronha, 1790
- Kanakomyrtus N.Snow
- Kania Schltr.
- Kardomia Peter G.Wilson
- Kjellbergiodendron Burret
- Kunzea Rchb.
- Lazarocardenasoxylon E.Estrada-Ruiz & H.Martínez-Cabrera, 2021
- Leantria Sol. ex G.Forst.
- Leciscium C.F.Gaertn., 1807
- Legrandia Kausel
- Lencymmoea C.Presl
- Lencymmoea K.B.Presl, 1851
- Lenwebbia N.Snow & Guymer
- Leptospermatoxylon B.S.Trivedi & C.L.Verma, 1973
- Leptospermites Schmalhausen, 1883
- Leptospermocarpum P.Menzel, 1914
- 薄子木屬 Leptospermum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Lhotzkya Endl., 1837
- Lindsayomyrtus B.Hyland & Steenis
- Lithomyrtus F.Muell.
- Lophomyrtus Burret
- 紅膠木屬 Lophostemon Schott
- 龍袍木屬 Luma A.Gray
- Lysicarpus F.Muell.
- Malaloleuca Gand., 1918
- Malleostemon J.W.Green
- Mariomella Faúndez & Rider, 2019
- Marliera D.Dietr.
- Marlierea Cambess.
- Marlierea Cambess. ex A.St.-Hil., 1833
- Marlieria Benth. & Hook.f., 1865
- 千層樹屬 Melaleuca L.
- Mennichea Steud., 1841
- Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn.
- Micromyrtus Benth.
- Mitrantia Peter G.Wilson & B.Hyland
- Mosiera Small
- Myrceugeina
- Myrceugenellites M.Nishida, H.Nishida & T.Nasa, 1988
- Myrceugenia O.Berg
- Myrcia DC. ex Guill.
- Myrcia Sol. ex Lindl., 1821
- 忍冬番櫻屬 Myrcianthes O.Berg, 1854
- Myrciaria O.Berg
- Myrciophyllum H.Engelhardt, 1891
- Myrrhinium Schott
- Myrtaciphyllum D.C.Christophel & S.D.Lys, 1987
- Myrtastrum Burret
- Myrtella F.Muell.
- Myrteola O.Berg
- Myrtifolium F.Unger, 1864
- Myrtiphyllum P.Dusén, 1899
- Myrtoidoxylon H.Gottwald, 1966
- Myrtoleucodendron Burm.
- Myrtomiophyton Massalongo, 1858
- Myrtonium Ettingshausen, 1886
- Myrtophyllum Heer, 1869
- Myrtospermum M.E.J.Chandler, 1957
- Myrtoxylon Boureau, 1953
- 香桃木屬 Myrtus L.
- Nelitris Spreng., 1825
- 金柳梅屬 Neofabricia Joy Thomps.
- 團杯番櫻屬 Neomitranthes D.Legrand, 1977
- 新桃木屬 Neomyrtus Burret, 1941
- 大洋柳番櫻屬 Nothomyrcia Kausel, 1947[1948]
- 黃籽崗松屬 Ochrosperma Trudgen, 1987
- 多瓣桃木屬 Octamyrtus Diels, 1922
- Olythia Steud., 1841
- Opa Lour., 1790
- 八宮花屬 Osbornia F.Muell., 1862
- 凹果崗松屬 Oxymyrrhine Schauer, 1843
- Palaeorhodomyrtus E.M.Reid & M.E.J.Chandler, 1933
- Paleomyrtinaea K.B.Pigg, R.A.Stockey & S.L.Maxwell, 1993
- Paramyrtaciphyllum I.A.Ozerov, 2000
- Paryphanthe Benth., 1866
- 澤柳梅屬 Pericalymma (Engl.) Endl.
- 銅杯花屬 Pileanthus Labill., 1806
- Pilidiostigma Burret
- 多香果屬 Pimenta Lindl.
- Pirigarda C.B.Clarke, 1879
- Pleurocalyptus Brongn. & Gris
- 樹葡萄屬 Plinia Plum. ex L.
- Pontoppidana Steud., 1841
- Pseudanamomis Kausel
- Pseudolaryngodus
- 番石榴屬 Psidium L.
- Psiloxylon Thouars ex Tul.
- Purpureostemon Gugerli
- Raoanthus S.D.Chitaley & M.Z.Patel, 1975
- 玫瑰木屬 Rhodamnia Jack
- 桃金娘屬 Rhodomyrtus (DC.) Rchb.
- Rinzia Schauer
- Ristantia Paul G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh.
- Rugenia Neck., 1790
- Sannantha Peter G.Wilson
- Scholtzia Schauer
- Seorsus Rye & Trudgen
- Sincarpia Ten.
- Siphoneugena O.Berg
- Siphoneugenia
- Sizygium Duch.
- Sphaerantia Peter G.Wilson & B.Hyland
- Stenospermum Sweet, 1830
- Stenostegia A.R.Bean
- Stereocaryum Burret
- Stockwellia D.J.Carr, S.G.M.Carr & B.Hyland
- Suarda Nocca ex Steud., 1841
- Syncarpia Nied.
- Syncarpia Ten.
- Syncarpites J.Schmalhausen, 1883
- Syzigium Steud., 1841
- Syzygeum Wight
- Syzygioxylon K.Kramer, 1974
- Syzygioxylon S.R.Ingle, 1973
- 赤楠屬 Syzygium Gaertn.
- Taxandria (Benth.) J.R.Wheeler & N.G.Marchant
- Temu O.Berg
- Tepualia Griseb.
- Tetrapora S.Schauer
- Thaleropia Peter G.Wilson
- Thryptomene Endl.
- Triplarina Raf.
- 紅膠木屬 Tristania R.Brown ex W.T.Aiton, 1812
- Tristaniandra P.G.Wilson & J.F.Basinger, 2007
- Tristaniopsis Brongn. & Gris
- Tristanites G.Saporta, 1865
- Tryptomene F.Muell., 1859
- Ugni Turcz.
- Uromyrtus Burret
- 羽蠟花屬 Verticordia DC.
- Welchiodendron Paul G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh.
- Whiteodendron Steenis
- Xanthomyrtus Diels
- 金纓木屬 Xanthostemon F.Muell.
- Zyzygium Brongn., 1843
- ×Kunzspermum W.Harris
蟲害
參考文獻
- ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2009-10, 161 (2): 105–121 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. (原始內容存檔於2017-07-23) (英語).
- ^ Myrtaceae Juss. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science. Plants of the World Online. [2024-09-12]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-02) (英語).
- ^ Johnson, L. A. S.; Briggs, B. G. Myrtales and Myrtaceae-A Phylogenetic Analysis. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1984, 71 (3): 700 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.2307/2399159. (原始內容存檔於2021-09-26).
- ^ Wilson, Peter G.; O'Brien, Marcelle M.; Gadek, Paul A.; Quinn, Christopher J. Myrtaceae revisited: a reassessment of infrafamilial groups. American Journal of Botany. 2001-11, 88 (11): 2013–2025. doi:10.2307/3558428.
- ^ Wilson, P. G.; O』Brien, M. M.; Heslewood, M. M.; Quinn, C. J. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 2005-03, 251 (1): 3–19. ISSN 0378-2697. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0162-y (英語).
- ^ Wilson, Peter G. Myrtaceae. Kubitzki, Klaus (編). Flowering Plants. Eudicots. X. Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2014. ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39417-1 (英語).
- ^ João Marcelo Alvarenga Braga, Diego Ferreira da Silva, Eugenio Arantes de Melo, Hélio Caixeta Tiburcio, Adelício Pereira da Silva, Rodrigo Borges Ferreira, Marco Túlio Côrtes de Lacerda and Harri Lorenzi. 2024. Guapurium caipirinha (Myrtaceae), A New Species of jaboticaba from Brazil with pentamerous flowers. Phytotaxa. 652(3); 217-226. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.652.3.3
- ^ Hilario, S.D.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L. Pollen foraging in colonies of Melipona bicolor (Apidae, Meliponini): effects of season, colony size and queen number (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Research. 2009, 8 (2): 664–671 [2021-09-26]. PMID 19554765. doi:10.4238/vol8-2kerr029. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-02-02).