海達語
海達語Xaat Kíl是海達族的語言。該語言有8個元音和超過30個輔音。語言學家愛德華·薩丕爾曾在1915年把海達語歸為納－德內語系，該提議隨即受到諸多語言學家（如Pinnow, Greenberg, Enrico, Ruhlen, Manaster Ramer, and Bengtson，詳見參考文獻列表）的支持；然而，今天大多數語言學家將海達語看作是一個孤立語言。[2] 2008年語言學界提議美洲的納－德內語系和北亞（中西伯利亞）的葉尼塞語系同源並構成德內－葉尼塞語門，[3]卻沒有任何跡象表明海達語屬於該語門。
| 海達語 | |
|---|---|
| Xaat Kíl | |
| 母語國家和地區 | 加拿大 (夏洛特皇后群島), 阿拉斯加州 (威爾斯親王島_(阿拉斯加州)) |
| 族群 | 海達人 |
母語使用人數 | 20多人 （2019年） |
| 語系 | |
| 文字 | 拉丁字母 |
| 官方地位 | |
| 作為官方語言 | 海達民族委員會 |
| 管理機構 | 無官方機構 |
| 語言代碼 | |
| ISO 639-2 | hai |
| ISO 639-3 | hai——囊括代碼各項代碼： hdn – 北海達語hax – 南海達語 |
| ELP | Xaad Kil (Haida) |
 | |
| 瀕危程度 | |
| 聯合國教科文組織認定的瀕危語言[1] 極度危險（UNESCO）  | |
大約100年前，全體海達族都使用海達語，[4]但今天海達語卻是極度瀕危語言，只有20個人在使用，[5] 而今其使用者幾乎全是長者。[6][7]
書寫系統
海達語語有兩套基於拉丁字母的書寫系統：在加拿大常用的，約翰·恩里科（John Enrico）提出的恩里科系統，用來書寫南海達語；在美國常用的，阿拉斯加原住民族語言中心（Alaska Native Language Center）提出的ANLC系統，用來書寫北海達語。
- ANLC系統區分兩個同位異音[t͡ʃ]（英語的ch）和[ts]（漢語拼音的c）。
- 恩里科系統是一種跨方言文字（儘管只跨了兩個加拿大方言），它在不同方言中給了不同的語音影射，使得在兩種方言中發音相同的詞有着不同的寫法，而寫法相同的詞有着不同的發音。[8]
註釋
- ^ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO
- ^ Schoonmaker, Peter K.; Bettina Von Hagen, Edward C. Wolf. The Rain Forests of Home: Profile Of A North American Bioregion. Island Press. 1997: 257. ISBN 1559634804.
- ^ Dene-Yeniseic Symposium. [2013-02-13]. （原始內容存檔於2009-05-26）.
- ^ UBC World Language Fair’s HAIDA webpage. [2008-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2008-06-13）.
- ^ 只剩20個人會說！加拿大導演拍片護原民族語. [2019-04-04]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-04）.
- ^ Ethnologue report for language code:hdn. [2008-03-17]. （原始內容存檔於2008-02-08）.
- ^ Haida Language Mainpage. [2008-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2008-05-12）.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Ways of Writing Haida. [2013-02-13]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-05）.
參考文獻
- Enrico, John; Stuart, Wendy Bross. Northern Haida Songs. University of Nebraska Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8032-1816-8.
- Enrico, John. Haida Syntax. University of Nebraska Press. 2003. ISBN 0-8032-1822-2.
- Enrico, John. Toward Proto – Na-Dene. Anthopological Linguistics. 2004, 46 (3): 229–302.
- Lawrence, Erma. Haida dictionary. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. 1977 [2013-02-13]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-01）.
- Mithun, Marianne. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. 2001. ISBN 052129875X.
- Schoonmaker, Peter K.; Bettina Von Hagen, Edward C. Wolf. The Rain Forests of Home: Profile Of A North American Bioregion. Island Press. 1997 [2013-02-13]. ISBN 1-55963-480-4. （原始內容存檔於2013-06-16）.
延伸閱讀
- Andersen, Doris. 1974. "Slave of the Haida." Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada.
- Bengtson, John D. (2008), "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, vol. 3, Moscow: RSUH Publishers, pp. 45–118
- Dauenhauer, Nora Marks. 2008. "The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804, Anooshi Lingit Aani Ka, Russians in Tlingit America." University of Washington Press.
- Dawson, George M. Vocabulary of the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands (microform). Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1880 [2012-08-26].
- Dürr, Michael & Egon Renner. 1995. The History of the Na-Dene Controversy: A Sketch. Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, ed. by Renner, Egon & Dürr, Michael. 3-18. (Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics 2). Munich: Lincom Europa.
- Enrico, John. 1983a. "The Haida Language." The Outer Shores, edited by Scudder, G. E. and Gessler, Nicholas. Queen Charlotte City, B.C.: Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press. pp. 223–248.
- Enrico, John. 1983b. "Tense in the Haida Relative Clause." International Journal of American Linguistics 52:91–123.
- Enrico, John. 1986. "Word Order, Focus and Topic in Haida." International Journal of American Linguistics 49:136–166.
- Enrico, John. 1991. The Lexical Phonology of Masset Haida. (Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers, 8.) Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
- Enrico, John. 1998. "Remarks on Pitch in Skidegate Haida." Gengo Kenkyu 12:115–120.
- Enrico, John. 2003. Haida Syntax. (2 volumes). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
- Enrico, John. 2005. Haida Dictionary: Skidegate, Masset, and Alaskan Dialects. (2 volumes). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Institute.
- Fisher, Robin. 1992. "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890." UBC Press.
- Greenberg, J.H. 1987a. Language in the Americas. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Greenberg, J.H. 1987b. "The Na-Dene Problem". In Greenberg (1987a), pp. 321–330.
- Harrison, Charles. 1925. "Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific; The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends." London, H. F. & G. Witherby.
- Harrison, Charles; Royal Society of Canada. Haida grammar (microform). Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1895 [2012-08-26].
- Hibben & Carswell. Dictionary of Indian tongues (microform) : containing most of the words and terms used in the Tshimpsean, Hydah, & Chinook, with their meaning or equivalent in the English language. Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1865 [2012-08-26].
- Keen, John Henry. A grammar of the Haida language. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1906 [2012-08-26].
- Levine, Robert D. 1979. Haida and Na-Dene: A New Look at the Evidence. International Journal of American Linguistics 45(2).157–70.
- Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 1996. "Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na Dene languages." Anthropological linguistics 38:179–215.
- Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen. 1976. Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung. (Indiana : Beihefte; 5). Berlin: Mann. ISBN 3-7861-3027-2
- Pinnow. H-J. 1985. Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache. (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft.
- Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification. Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
- Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache. (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
- Rosman, Abraham. 1971. "Feasting with Mine Enemy: Rank and Exchange among Northwest Coast Societies" Columbia University Press.
- Ruhlen M. 1998. "The Origin of the Na-Dene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95, no. 23: 13994-6.
- Sapir, Edward. 1915. The Na-Dene Languages: A Preliminary Report. American Anthropologist 17.534–558.
- Stearns, Mary Lee. 1981. "Haida Culture in Custody." University of Washington Press.
- Swanton, John R. 1905. Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Swanton, John R. 1908. Haida Texts. Masset Dialect. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.
相關影視
外部連結
- Haida language （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Listen to the sounds of Haida （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Skidegate Haida Portal, First Voices （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Raven, a story in the Haida language （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Haida writing systems （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Haida linguistics bibliography （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- The Book of Common Prayer in Haida （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- How to count in Haida （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- FirstVoices Haida iPhone App （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- FirstVoices Haida Online Dictionary （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）