阿列克謝二世

阿列克謝二世
阿列克謝二世
莫斯科及全俄羅斯牧首
	阿列克謝二世大牧首
教會	俄羅斯正教會
主教區	莫斯科
就任	1990年6月10日
卸任	2008年12月5日
前任	皮緬
繼任	基里爾
聖秩
晉鐸	於1950年4月17日晉鐸
晉牧	由尼科季姆; 於1961年9月3日晉牧
個人資料
出生	1929年2月23日; 愛沙尼亞塔林
逝世	2008年12月5日（79歲）; 俄羅斯莫斯科
葬於	耶洛科夫主教座堂
國籍	俄羅斯
教派	俄羅斯正教會
牧徽

阿列克謝二世（俄語：Патриарх Московский и всея Руси Алексий II，1929年2月23日—2008年12月5日），是第15任莫斯科和全俄大牧首。世俗名阿列克謝·里迪格^[1] 。

生平

阿列克謝·里迪格出生於愛沙尼亞的塔林。其父米哈伊爾·里迪格是波羅的海德意志人。他的祖先海因里希·尼古拉·魯丁格是瑞典杜納蒙德（Dünamünde，今拉脫維亞首都里加市域內）地區駐防軍的指揮官。並於1695年被瑞典王卡爾十一世授予騎士的榮譽。18世紀大北方戰爭之後，瑞典的愛沙尼亞、立陶宛都被俄羅斯帝國吞併。弗雷德里希·威廉·馮·魯丁格（阿列克謝的高祖父）在葉卡捷琳娜二世統治期間皈依東正教。^[2]

1917年十月革命後，阿列克謝與父親逃難到了愛沙尼亞並安定下來。先是在哈普沙盧，教士拉爾夫·馮·祖爾穆勒收留了他們。^[3]而後米哈伊爾搬到了塔林。1926年，米哈伊爾結識伊蓮娜·約瑟霍夫娜並與其結了婚。

阿列克謝二世在愛沙尼亞共和國度過了他的童年。從幼年開始，他便受大司祭伊望·博戈亞夫冷斯基的教導。他於愛沙尼亞的俄語學校受教育。在蘇聯於1940年吞併愛沙尼亞之後，阿列克謝與家人險遭蘇聯當局逮捕，但他們當時躲到了一間小破屋中，得以倖免。^[4]德國佔領愛沙尼亞期間，阿列克謝與父親米哈伊爾（已經於1942年12月20日成為教士）共同負責慰問俄軍戰俘。由於在德軍之下幫助戰俘有助於其反蘇聯宣傳，他們的行為受到了德軍的允許。蘇聯重新奪回愛莎尼亞後，他們選擇了留在愛莎尼亞，而不是像其他波羅的海德意志人一樣，遷徙至西歐。^[4]二戰期間，斯大林復興了俄羅斯正教會，在戰時關閉的亞歷山大·涅夫斯基主教座堂也在1945年蘇聯接管愛沙尼亞後重新開放。成為蘇聯公民後的阿列克謝，於1946年成為了亞歷山大·涅夫斯基主教座堂的輔祭。隨後他分別在該教堂與塔林喀山聖母像教堂擔任了聖詠集的朗讀者。^[1]

阿列克謝在列寧格勒專心研究神學，1961年升任為主教，1964年成為大主教；1990年蘇聯解體前夕成為莫斯科大牧首。在位期間，他將分散在全俄各地的東正教教會都統一在莫斯科大牧首的領導之下，並且使俄羅斯東正教恢復了蘇聯時期喪失的道德權威，東正教和羅馬天主教的關係也有所好轉。不過他在很多問題上引起爭議。

與克格勃

根據一些資料及人士，包括格列布·亞庫寧和葉夫戈尼婭·阿爾巴茨^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] 的說法，阿列克謝二世曾為克格勃工作。^[9]^[10]^[5]^[11]^[12]^[13] 克格勃的檔案顯示他的代號是DROZDOV。然而，在1980年之前，幾乎所有人，不管他們屬於什麼單位或者與克格勃有無關係，都被克格勃加上了代號，並沒有特殊性。^[5] 葉夫戈尼婭·阿爾巴茨所查閱的克格勃檔案顯示阿列克謝二世於1988年受到了克格勃領導的表揚。^[7]又根據愛沙尼亞克格勃的檔案，阿列克謝二世成功地壓制了一些反抗政權的修士。^[14]這一檔案是一本關於一位克格勃人員的傳記式檔案，並且其記錄與阿列克謝的生平相符合。儘管俄羅斯正教會否認這些檔案的真實性。^[15]

俄羅斯正教會長期以來否認阿列克謝與克格勃有關聯。^[16] 阿列克謝二世本人承認，他對蘇聯政府做出了妥協。他公開地對這些妥協表示懺悔。「為了保護一個事物，就有必要放棄另一些。又有哪些不僅身負自己，還有其他千萬人的命運的人，或者組織，在蘇聯統治的那些歲月中，沒有被迫做相似的事呢？然而，不僅對上帝，對於那些以往在教會的默許下，被迫妥協，被消聲，無力反抗，或者被迫表示忠誠，而造成痛苦的，我請求他們的原諒、理解、與祈禱。」^[17]

阿列克謝二世的葬禮

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 PATRIARCH ALEXY II OF MOSCOW AND ALL RUSSIA Biographical note. orthodox.ee. [2008-12-06]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-08）.
^ The spelling of the names here is transliteration from Russian in the Patriarch's official biography – АЛЕКСИЙ II （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Orthodox Encyclopaedia (2000)
^ Chronology. Museum of Laanemaa. [2008-12-05]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-08）（愛沙尼亞語）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Vahter, Aarne. Eestlane juhtis 80 miljonit õigeusklikku. ekspress.ee. 2003-02-04 [2008-12-14]. （原始內容存檔於2009-02-07）（愛沙尼亞語）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Confirmed: Russian Patriarch Worked with KGB （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Catholic World News. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
^ Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, Gardners Books (2000), ISBN 0-14-028487-7
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia — Past, Present, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5, page 46.
^ Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy – Putin's Espionage Church 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2008-12-09., an excerpt from a forthcoming book, "Russian Americans: A New KGB Asset" by Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy
^ Alexiy Ridiger （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, by Yakov Krotov
^ Felix Corley. Patriarch Alexy II: Priest who stayed close to the Kremlin while guiding the Russian Orthodox Church into the post-Soviet era. London: The Independent. 8 December 2008 [6 December 2008]. （原始內容存檔於7 December 2008）.
^ Russian Patriarch "was KGB spy" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） The Guardian 12 February 1999
^ Chekists in Cassocks: The Orthodox Church and the KGB 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2007-10-08. – by Keith Armes, Demokratizatsiya
^ The Russian Orthodox Church under Patriarch Aleksii II and the Russian State: An Unholy Alliance? 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2008-02-27. – by Leslie L. McGann, Demokratizatsiya
^ Cold War Lingers At Russian Church In New Jersey （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） By Suzanne Sataline, Wall Street Journal 18 July 2007.
^ Russian Patriarch 'was KGB spy'. London: Guardian.co.uk. 12 February 1999 [11 December 2008]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-24）.
^ "Official spokesman for the Moscow Patriarchy Father Vsevolod Chaplin labeled such reports as "absolutely unsubstantiated" in a Wednesday interview with Interfax. "There is no data indicating that Patriarch Alexy II was an associate of the special services, and no classified documents bear his signature," he said. "I do not think that direct dialogue between the current patriarch and KGB took place," Father Vsevolod continued. However, "all bishops communicated with representatives of the council for religious matters in the Soviet government, which was inevitable, since any issue, even the most insignificant one, had to be resolved through this body. It is quite another matter that the council forwarded all its materials to the KGB," he said." Moscow Patriarchate Rejects Times Report of Alexy II'S Collaboration with KGB, Sept 20, 2000 (Interfax) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） "Chaplin, the church spokesman, said in March, "Nobody has ever seen a single real document that would confirm the patriarch used his contacts with Soviet authorities to make harm to the church or to any people in the church." Russia's Well-Connected Patriarch, Washington Post Foreign Service , 23 May 2002 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）; "Father Chaplin said: 'In recent times many anonymous photocopies of all sorts of pieces of paper have been circulated. In none of them is there the slightest evidence that the individuals we are talking about knew that these documents were being drawn up, or gave their consent. So I don't think any reasonably authoritative clerical or secular commission could see these papers as proof of anything.'", Russian Patriarch 'was KGB spy', The Guardian (London) , 12 February 1999
^ From an interview of Patriarch Alexy II, given to "Izvestia" No 137, 10 June 1991, entitled "Patriarch Alexy II: – I Take upon Myself Responsibility for All that Happened", English translation from Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy,(Oxford: Westview Press, 1995),p 89. See also History of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, by St. John (Maximovich) of Shanghai and San Francisco, 31 December 2007

前任：皮緬一世	莫斯科大牧首 1990年—2008年	繼任：基里爾一世

[BN-1] 1.0 ^1.1 PATRIARCH ALEXY II OF MOSCOW AND ALL RUSSIA Biographical note. orthodox.ee. [2008-12-06]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-08）.

[2] The spelling of the names here is transliteration from Russian in the Patriarch's official biography – АЛЕКСИЙ II （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Orthodox Encyclopaedia (2000)

[3] Chronology. Museum of Laanemaa. [2008-12-05]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-08）（愛沙尼亞語）.

[EJ-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Vahter, Aarne. Eestlane juhtis 80 miljonit õigeusklikku. ekspress.ee. 2003-02-04 [2008-12-14]. （原始內容存檔於2009-02-07）（愛沙尼亞語）.

[CWNrep-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Confirmed: Russian Patriarch Worked with KGB （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Catholic World News. Retrieved 29 December 2007.

[Andrew-6] Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, Gardners Books (2000), ISBN 0-14-028487-7

[Albats-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia — Past, Present, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5, page 46.

[Church-8] Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy – Putin's Espionage Church 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2008-12-09., an excerpt from a forthcoming book, "Russian Americans: A New KGB Asset" by Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy

[9] Alexiy Ridiger （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, by Yakov Krotov

[10] Felix Corley. Patriarch Alexy II: Priest who stayed close to the Kremlin while guiding the Russian Orthodox Church into the post-Soviet era. London: The Independent. 8 December 2008 [6 December 2008]. （原始內容存檔於7 December 2008）.

[11] Russian Patriarch "was KGB spy" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） The Guardian 12 February 1999

[12] Chekists in Cassocks: The Orthodox Church and the KGB 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2007-10-08. – by Keith Armes, Demokratizatsiya

[13] The Russian Orthodox Church under Patriarch Aleksii II and the Russian State: An Unholy Alliance? 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2008-02-27. – by Leslie L. McGann, Demokratizatsiya

[SvPokr-14] Cold War Lingers At Russian Church In New Jersey （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） By Suzanne Sataline, Wall Street Journal 18 July 2007.

[15] Russian Patriarch 'was KGB spy'. London: Guardian.co.uk. 12 February 1999 [11 December 2008]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-24）.

[16] "Official spokesman for the Moscow Patriarchy Father Vsevolod Chaplin labeled such reports as "absolutely unsubstantiated" in a Wednesday interview with Interfax. "There is no data indicating that Patriarch Alexy II was an associate of the special services, and no classified documents bear his signature," he said. "I do not think that direct dialogue between the current patriarch and KGB took place," Father Vsevolod continued. However, "all bishops communicated with representatives of the council for religious matters in the Soviet government, which was inevitable, since any issue, even the most insignificant one, had to be resolved through this body. It is quite another matter that the council forwarded all its materials to the KGB," he said." Moscow Patriarchate Rejects Times Report of Alexy II'S Collaboration with KGB, Sept 20, 2000 (Interfax) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） "Chaplin, the church spokesman, said in March, "Nobody has ever seen a single real document that would confirm the patriarch used his contacts with Soviet authorities to make harm to the church or to any people in the church." Russia's Well-Connected Patriarch, Washington Post Foreign Service , 23 May 2002 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）; "Father Chaplin said: 'In recent times many anonymous photocopies of all sorts of pieces of paper have been circulated. In none of them is there the slightest evidence that the individuals we are talking about knew that these documents were being drawn up, or gave their consent. So I don't think any reasonably authoritative clerical or secular commission could see these papers as proof of anything.'", Russian Patriarch 'was KGB spy', The Guardian (London) , 12 February 1999

[17] From an interview of Patriarch Alexy II, given to "Izvestia" No 137, 10 June 1991, entitled "Patriarch Alexy II: – I Take upon Myself Responsibility for All that Happened", English translation from Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy,(Oxford: Westview Press, 1995),p 89. See also History of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, by St. John (Maximovich) of Shanghai and San Francisco, 31 December 2007

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