維基百科

圖書館:亚洲国际新闻诉维基媒体基金会案

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{{Infobox Court Case

| name = 亞洲國際新聞訴維基媒體基金會案 | court = 德里高等法院 | image = Emblem of India.svg | imagealt = Emblem of India | full name = {{lang|en|ANI Media Pvt. Ltd. v Wikimedia Foundation Inc & Ors.}} | judges = 納文·查瓦拉 | opinions = | keywords = 誹謗 | docket = CS(OS) 524/2024 }}

亞洲國際新聞訴維基媒體基金會案（案件號：CS(OS) 524/2024）[1]，是一宗正在印度進行的民事誹謗案件。亞洲國際新聞的母公司{{Lang|en|ANI Media Private Limited}}就英語維基百科上關於ANI的條目，對維基媒體基金會提起誹謗訴訟，申請索賠2千萬盧比。

2006年的納文·查瓦拉

負責該案的法官{{link-en|納文·查瓦拉|Navin Chawla}}警告稱，法院可能會命令印度政府在該國封鎖維基百科。然而批評者認為，法官要求維基媒體基金會公佈編者身份是對信息流通的審查和威脅[2][3]。

2024年10月21日，維基媒體基金會將英文維基百科條目{{Lang|en|Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation}}刪除{{NoteTag|本條目是這篇英文條目的中文版。}}，這也是維基百科史上第一篇被基金會刪除的英文維基百科條目[4][5][6]。

背景

維基媒體基金會是運營維基百科及多個類似項目的非營利組織，這些項目提供多語言版本，且相對獨立、自我管理。維基媒體基金會對各項目的管控有限，通常不介入內容的管理及政策的制定[7][8][9]。維基百科在印度的影響涵蓋其與印度新聞媒體的互動、維基人以及讀者[10]。

維基百科的條目完全由志願者編輯、創建和維護。任何人在條目中進行哪怕一次拼寫糾正都被視為「編輯」。全球有成千上萬的編者，大多數編者可以修改網站上的大多數條目。而少數編者因貢獻較多因此獲得幾乎所有條目的編輯權限[7]。編者通常使用匿名暱稱，除非自願公開身份[9]。

 
英語維基百科頁面顯示本條目已暫停訪問

一般來說，如果一篇條目遇到破壞性編輯或編輯戰時（即多名編輯反覆修改內容），便會受到保護。有時，條目也會因存在利益衝突的編者（如涉及組織的員工）頻繁修改而受到保護[9]。2020年，有編者因在關於亞洲國際新聞的條目中加入了涉及該機構的新內容，從而引發了編輯戰，最終該條目被保護[11][9]。

在印度的誹謗案件

在印度，誹謗案件可以根據刑法、民法，或兩者共同提起[12]。根據印度憲法，言論自由受到「合理限制」的約束[13]。

印度的安全港條款

印度《{{Link-en|信息技術法案|Information Technology Act, 2000}}》中的安全港條款類似於美國《{{Link-en|1934年美國電信法|Communications Act of 1934}}》中的230條款，其中規定：在線平台在符合一定條件的前提下，對用戶生成並由平台託管的內容不承擔法律責任[14][15]。2021年2月，現任執政黨印度人民黨政府對《信息技術法案》進行了修訂，進一步加強了對中介平台的要求，包括要求平台主動監控內容，以防止非法或有害活動的發生[16][17]。

案件

指控

2024年7月，德里高等法院派出納文·查瓦拉法官審理此案，案件名稱為{{Lang|en|ANI Media Pvt. Ltd. v Wikimedia Foundation Inc & Ors.}}[18][8][3][19][14]。在訴訟提起時，維基百科在關於亞洲國際新聞的條目中稱其「為現任中央政府的宣傳工具，散佈大量來自虛假新聞網站的材料，並多次進行錯誤報道[20][21][14][19]」。

ANI指控維基百科發佈「虛假和誹謗性的內容，惡意損害新聞機構的聲譽，破壞其良好形象[9]」。訴狀還包括維基百科將關於ANI的條目「限制」了編輯權限，僅允許維基百科「自身」進行修改。ANI認為這是惡意誹謗的證據，且表明維基媒體基金會正在利用其「行政人員」來「積極」控制內容[8][18][19][22][23]。

ANI向維基媒體基金會索賠2千萬盧比，並要求禁止維基百科「製作、發佈或傳播有關ANI的虛假、誤導性和誹謗性內容[18][9]」。ANI還辯稱，維基百科在《信息技術法案》的定義中是一個重要的「中介平台」，因此必須遵守該法案的要求，包括刪除政府或其機構認為違法的內容，否則將對其用戶在平台上發佈的內容承擔責任[14]。

訴訟

 
法院命令

查瓦拉法官向維基媒體基金會發出了傳票，並將聽證會日期定於2024年8月20日[24][23]。8月20日，查瓦拉命令維基媒體基金會在兩周內披露三名參與編輯ANI相關條目的編者信息，以便ANI能夠對他們個人提起法律訴訟[20][2][25]。9月5日，維基媒體基金會仍未發佈編者身份信息，ANI請求法院對其以藐視法庭進行處罰[20][9]。查瓦拉法官表示同意，並警告維基媒體，法院可能會命令印度政府封鎖維基百科。法官聲稱「我們再也無法容忍。如果你不喜歡印度，請不要在印度開展業務……我們將關閉你在這裏的商業活動[26][27][11]。」 他要求維基媒體基金會的「授權代表」親自出席下次定於2024年10月25日的聽證會[20][25][28]。作為回應，維基媒體基金會強調，條目中的信息有多項可靠的二手來源支持，且由於其總部位於國外，因此發佈信息存在延誤[20][29]。

幾天後，維基媒體基金會對查瓦拉的命令提出上訴，要求法院在維基媒體基金會披露編者身份之前，必須首先認定誹謗指控初步證明是真實的[29]。在10月14日，由{{Link-en|曼莫漢|Manmohan (judge)}}首席法官和{{Link-en|圖沙爾·拉奧·格德拉|Tushar Rao Gedela}}（{{Lang|en|Tushar Rao Gedela}}）法官組成的合議庭聽取了上訴，他們表示維基百科對ANI的描述可能構成誹謗，因此相關編者必須對此負責[27][30]。他們還將維基百科拒絕透露身份信息的做法稱為「極其令人不安」，並警告維基媒體基金會：如選擇為誹謗指控辯護，將失去《安全港條款》下的保護[29][31][30]。

法官們進一步反對在英文維基百科上創建的關於該誹謗案件的條目，指責其干擾「正在審理中的案件」，並對條目中「對查瓦拉法官命令的批評」表示強烈不滿[29][32]。當周晚些時候，法院發佈命令，要求WMF在36小時內刪除或移除所有與「法官」和「合議庭」意見討論相關的維基百科頁面[33][34][35]。10月18日，因維基媒體基金會未遵守36小時的截止時間，ANI請求法院對維基媒體基金會啟動藐視法庭程序[36]。

10月25日，ANI在聽證會上敦促維基百科刪除該通訊社的整個維基百科條目；而法官稱當前的維基百科模式「具有危險性[37]。」

10月末，維基媒體基金會表示他們將會把基本訂閱用戶信息（{{Lang|en|basic subscriber information}}）以密封文件的形式提交給法院，同時，維基媒體基金會也會向ANI發送一份編輯過的副本，並會主動通知用戶。代表維基百科的律師阿基爾·西巴爾（{{Lang|en|Akhil Sibal}}）表示：「這樣用戶的身份信息將在公有領域得到保密，而法院將獲得所有必要的信息[38][37][39]。」

11月5日，印度一名政府官員公佈了印度信息和廣播部發送給維基百科的信函。信中指出維基百科上「存在着許多偏見和不準確的內容」，並提出了關於維基百科根據印度法律被歸類為中介而不是出版商的問題。同時，表達了對「僅一部分人擁有編輯權」的擔憂[40][41]。

11月11日，{{Link-en|曼莫漢|Manmohan (judge)}}首席法官和{{Link-en|圖沙爾·拉奧·格德拉|Tushar Rao Gedela}}法官組接受維基媒體基金會的建議，基金會將作為中介向被起訴的編輯們發出傳票[42]。

分析

根據《{{Link-en|Newslaundry|Newslaundry}}》的報道，ANI所認為誹謗的的句子包含了「明確的引用（信息的主要來源）」，其中包括《{{Link-en|The Caravan|The Caravan}}》、《{{Link-en|The Ken|The Ken}}》、《英國廣播公司新聞部》、《{{Lang|en|EU DisinfoLab}}》、《政客》和《外交家》。《{{Lang|en|Newslaundry}}》和記者{{Link-en|尼基爾·帕瓦|Nikhil Pahwa}}指出，ANI在案件中並未提及這些媒體機構是條目內容的來源[9][3]。《印度快報》認為，此次訴訟是試圖讓維基媒體基金會承擔百科編輯上的責任[14]。

印度軟件自由法律中心（{{Lang|en|Software Freedom Law Center}}）作為{{Link-en|國際言論自由交流|IFEX (organization)}}的成員附屬機構，認為這起訴訟是對言論自由的打壓[43]。香港中文大學全球媒體教授兼哈佛大學伯克曼互聯網與社會中心研究員尼尚·沙阿（{{Lang|en|Nishant Shah}}）表示，查瓦拉下令披露編者信息是對言論和信息自由的挑戰，可能導致對「權力機構不喜歡的批判性言論」的審查[2]。帕瓦稱這一行為是對信息和知識流動的威脅[3]。多位律師批評了曼莫漢和格德拉法官下令刪除與該起訴訟有關的維基百科頁面的行為。他們認為「干擾司法程序」的指控並不成立。同時，律師們還指出主流媒體也進行過類似的報道[29]。

{{Link-en|互聯網與社會中心|Centre for Internet and Society (India)}}主任坦維爾·哈桑（{{Lang|en|Tanveer Hasan}}）稱這起訴訟是以「技術監管為幌子對言論自由進行攻擊[29]」。

參見

註釋

{{NoteFoot}}

參考來源

{{reflist|30em|refs=

[5]

[43]

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外部連結

{{維基百科}}

Category:印度網絡審查 Category:維基媒體基金會 Category:維基百科歷史

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  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 {{Cite web|title=ANI files Rs 2 crores defamation suit against Wikipedia in Delhi High Court|url=https://www.opindia.com/2024/07/ani-files-rs-2-crores-defamation-suit-against-wikipedia-in-delhi/%7Cwebsite=OpIndia%7Cdate=2024-07-09%7Clanguage=en-GB%7Clast=Staff%7Cfirst=OpIndia%7Caccess-date=2024-11-04%7Carchive-date=2024-07-15%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715012527/https://www.opindia.com/2024/07/ani-files-rs-2-crores-defamation-suit-against-wikipedia-in-delhi/%7Cdead-url=no}}
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  28. ^ {{Cite web|title="Will ask government to block you": Delhi High Court issues contempt of court notice to Wikipedia|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/will-ask-government-to-block-wikipedia-delhi-high-court-contempt-court-notice%7Cwebsite=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|date=2024-09-05|language=en|last=Jha|first=Prashant|access-date=2024-11-04}}
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  41. ^ {{Cite web|title=India Issues Notice To Wikipedia Amid Bias Concerns|url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/law-and-policy/india-issues-notice-to-wikipedia-amid-bias-concerns%7Cwebsite=NDTV Profit|date=2024-11-05|language=en|last=Singh|first=Charu|access-date=}}
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  43. ^ 43.0 43.1 {{cite news |url=https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-business/defamation-lawsuit-against-wikimedia-foundation-threatens-free-speech-and-open-knowledge-says-sflc-in/113310735 |title=Defamation lawsuit against Wikimedia Foundation threatens free speech and open knowledge, says SFLC.in |date=2024-09-13 |newspaper=經濟時報 |access-date=2024-11-04 |url-status=live }}
取自 "https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Bluedecklibrary/亚洲国际新闻诉维基媒体基金会案&oldid=84948958"