維基百科

用戶:Coderfox/瀰漫大B細胞淋巴瘤

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瀰漫大B細胞淋巴瘤
瀰漫大B細胞淋巴瘤現場染色（英語：Field stain）的顯微圖片
分類和外部資源
醫學專科血液學和腫瘤學
ICD-10C83.3
ICD-O（英語：International Classification of Diseases for Oncology）M（英語：ICD-O）9680/3
eMedicinearticle/202969
MeSHD016403
[編輯此條目的維基數據]

瀰漫大B細胞淋巴瘤（Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma、DLBCL或DLBL）是一種B細胞淋巴瘤。它是成人中最常見的非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤 ，在美國和英國每年每十萬人中發生 7-8 例。這種腫瘤主要患病人群是老年人，患病的中位年齡約70歲， 但兒童和青年人中也有少數病例發生。 瀰漫大B細胞淋巴瘤是一種侵襲性的腫瘤，可在全身任何部位發病。常見症狀為迅速增長的瘤體，有時伴有B症狀（英語：B symptoms）——發熱、體重降低和盜汗。

DLBCL的成因尚不明確。通常情況下，DLBCL起源於正常的B細胞，但也可以表現出其他類型淋巴瘤或白血病中的惡性轉化。基礎免疫缺陷是一大風險因子。[1] EB病毒感染與某些亞型的DLBCL有關。[2]

診斷由腫瘤病理學（英語：Hematopathology）醫生通過顯微鏡下觀察活體組織切片獲得的腫瘤組織得出。[3]DLBCL包括多種亞型，每種都有特殊的臨床表現和預後。所有類型的常規療法都是化療，經常與靶向治療聯合。[4]治療後，超過半數的DLBCL患者可以達到完全緩解（英語：Cure#Remission）。[5]老年人總體五年生存率約為58%。[6]

分類

瀰漫大B細胞淋巴瘤包括一組生物上和臨床上均有差異的疾病，[7]目前尚無嚴格並被廣泛接受的分類標準。世界衛生組織分類系統以腫瘤位置、腫瘤中是否存在其他細胞（如T細胞）、患者是否有因DLBCL引發的其他疾病等劃分了十數種亞型。[8] 其中一種亞型是原發縱膈（胸腺）大B細胞淋巴瘤，起源於胸腺或縱膈淋巴結。[9]

有時，腫瘤可以同時體現出DLBCL和霍奇金淋巴瘤的特點，這種腫瘤被稱作 the tumor is classified as simply 「B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma」. A similar situation can arise between DLBCL and Hodgkin's lymphoma; the tumor is then classified as 「B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma」.[來源請求]

When a case of DLBCL does not conform to any of these subtypes, and is also not considered unclassifiable, then it is classified as 「diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified」 (DLBCL, NOS). The majority of DLBCL cases fall into this category. Much research has been devoted to separating this still-heterogeneous group; such distinctions are usually made along lines of cellular morphology, gene expression, and immunohistochemical properties.[來源請求]

形態學

Within cellular morphology, three variants are most commonly seen: centroblastic, immunoblastic, and anaplastic.

Most cases of DLBCL are centroblastic, having the appearance of medium-to-large-sized lymphocytes with scanty cytoplasm. Oval or round nuclei containing fine chromatin are prominently visible, having two to four nucleoli within each nucleus. Sometimes the tumor may be monomorphic, composed almost entirely of centroblasts. However, most cases are polymorphic, with a mixture of centroblastic and immunoblastic cells.[10]

Immunoblasts have significant basophilic cytoplasm and a central nucleolus. A tumor can be classified as immunoblastic if greater than 90% of its cells are immunoblasts.[10]This distinction can be problematic, however, because hematopathologists reviewing the microscope slides may often disagree on whether a collection of cells is best characterized as centroblasts or immunoblasts.[11] Such disagreement indicates poor inter-rater reliability.

The third morphologic variant, anaplastic, consists of tumor cells which appear very differently from their normal B cell counterparts. The cells are generally very large with a round, oval, or polygonal shape and pleomorphic nuclei, and may resemble Reed-Sternberg cells.

Gene and microRNA expression

Gene expression profiling studies have also attempted to distinguish heterogeneous groups of DLBCL from each other. These studies examine thousands of genes simultaneously using a DNA microarray, looking for patterns which may help in grouping cases of DLBCL. Many studies now suggest that cases of DLBCL, NOS can be separated into two groups on the basis of their gene expression profiles; these groups are known as germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) and activated B-cell-like (ABC).[7][12][13][14] Tumor cells in the germinal center B-cell-like subgroup resemble normal B cells in the germinal center closely, and are generally associated with a favorable prognosis.[15][16] Activated B-cell-like tumor cells are associated with a poorer prognosis,[16] and derive their name from studies which show the continuous activation of certain pathways normally activated when B cells interact with an antigen. The NF-κB pathway, which is normally involved in transforming B cells into plasma cells, is an important example of one such pathway.[17]

Another notable finding of recent gene expression studies is the importance of the cells and microscopic structures interspersed between the malignant B cells within the DLBCL tumor, an area commonly known as the tumor microenvironment. The presence of gene expression signatures commonly associated with macrophages, T cells, and remodelling of the extracellular matrix seems to be associated with an improved prognosis and better overall survival.[16][18] Alternatively, expression of genes coding for pro-angiogenic factors is correlated with poorer survival.[16]

Recently, it was described that short non-coding RNAs named microRNAs (miRNAs) have important functions in lymphoma biology. In malignant B cells miRNAs participate in pathways fundamental to B cell development like B cell receptor (BCR) signalling, B cell migration/adhesion, cell-cell interactions in immune niches, and the production and class-switching of immunoglobulins.[19] MiRNAs influence B cell maturation, generation of pre-, marginal zone, follicular, B1, plasma and memory B cells.[19]

Immunohistochemistry

With the apparent success of gene expression profiling in separating biologically distinct cases of DLBCL, NOS, some researchers examined whether a similar distinction could be made using immunohistochemical staining (IHC), a widely used method for characterizing tissue samples. This technique uses highly specific antibody-based stains to detect proteins on a microscope slide, and since microarrays are not widely available for routine clinical use, IHC is a desirable alternative.[20][21] Many of these studies focused on stains against the products of prognostically significant genes which had been implicated in DLBCL gene expression studies. Examples of such genes include BCL2, BCL6, MUM1, LMO2, MYC, and p21. Several algorithms for separating DLBCL cases by IHC arose out of this research, categorizing tissue samples into groups most commonly known as GCB and non-GCB.[21][22][23][24] The correlation between these GCB/non-GCB immunohistochemical groupings and the GCB/ABC groupings used in gene expression profiling studies is uncertain,[15][23] as is their prognostic value.[15] This uncertainty may arise in part due to poor inter-rater reliability in performing common immunohistochemical stains.[20]

Signs and symptoms

The most typical symptom at the time of diagnosis is a mass that is rapidly enlarging and located in a part of the body with multiple lymph nodes.[25]

Treatment

Chemotherapy

Current treatment typically includes R-CHOP, which consists of the traditional CHOP, to which rituximab has been added.[26][27] This regimen has increased the rate of complete response for DLBCL patients, particularly in elderly patients.[28]R-CHOP is a combination of one monoclonal antibody (rituximab), three chemotherapy agents (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine), and one steroid (prednisone).[29] These drugs are administered intravenously, and the regimen is most effective when it is administered multiple times over a period of months. People often receive this type of chemotherapy through a PICC line (peripherally inserted central catheter) in their arm near the elbow or a surgically implanted venous access port. The number of cycles of chemotherapy given depends on the stage of the disease — patients with limited disease typically receive three cycles of chemotherapy, while patients with extensive disease may need to undergo six to eight cycles. A recent approach involves obtaining a PET scan after the completion of two cycles of chemotherapy, to assist the treatment team in making further decisions about the future course of treatment.[來源請求]Older people often have more difficulty tolerating therapy than younger people. Lower intensity regimens have been attempted in this age group.[30]

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy is often part of the treatment for DLBCL. It is commonly used after the completion of chemotherapy. Radiation therapy alone is not an effective treatment for this disease.[來源請求]

Immunotherapy

On October 18, 2017, FDA granted approval to axicabtagene ciloleucel—adoptive cell transfer therapy for DLBCL treatment.[31]

Prognosis

The germinal center subtype has the best prognosis,[28]with 66.6% of treated patients surviving more than five years. The IPI score is used in prognosis in clinical practice.[32] Lenalidomide has been recently shown to improve outcomes in the non-germinal center subtype.[33] Ratios of immune effectors such as CD4 and CD8 to immune checkpoints such as PD-L1 and M2 macrophages are independent of and additive to the cell of origin and IPI in DLBCL, and are applicable to paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens. These findings might have potential implications for selection of patients for checkpoint blockade and/or lenalidomide within clinical trials.[34]

For children with diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, most studies have found 5-year survival rates ranging from about 70% to more than 90%.[35]

Research

A second regimen under evaluation is R-EPOCH (rituximab with etoposide-prednisone-vincristine-doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide), which demonstrated a 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) of 79% in a phase II trial. A phase III trial, CALGB 50303, is now comparing R-EPOCH with R-CHOP in patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL.[36]

One area of active research is on separating patients into groups based on their prognosis and how likely they are to benefit from different drugs. Methods like gene expression profiling and next-generation sequencing may result in more effective and more personalized treatment.[37][38]

Recent studies

 
James Cerhan and colleagues' study

James Cerhan and colleagues,[39] try to determine genetic susceptibility that exists for this cancer by meta-analysis of three genome-wide association studies (GWAS). For this, a total of 3,857 cases and 7,666 controls were analyzed. This study is divided into three stages, which can differentiate into two phases:[39]

– Discovery Phase: Stages 1 and 2.

– Phase replication: Stage 3.

Stage 1

At this early stage, to study the genetic susceptibility, a GWAS with DLBCL cases and controls of European ancestry from 22 studies of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was performed. To determine the subtype of NHL, hierarchical classification proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) was used. All cases of DLBCL with enough DNA and a subset of controls, matched for age and sex, along with 4% duplicates were genotyped. They were selected in this stage 611.844 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that exceeded the quality criteria, genomic significance values, alignment and other statistical values.

Stage 2

At this stage the data of three independent previous GWAS, including two unpublished so far (GELA/EPIC and May) and one already published (USCF), with a total of 1,196 cases and 1,445 controls. The analysis was restricted to common SNPs on the basis of the 1000 Genomes Project version 3 because the data used were from different platforms. The criteria of quality control for these studies were adjusted to analyze all cases under the same conditions. In the meta-analysis of all SNPs of steps 1 and 2, 19 significant SNPs were identified, and 134 with a suggestive level of significance; 123 of the total were located in the HLA region on chromosome 6.

Stage 3

In the last stage, replication studies and technical validation were performed. The genotyping of 8 SNPs de novo was performed in the most significant HLA loci outside the region and one within it.

Results

As a result of this study, five SNPs were obtained in four loci significantly associated with the disease, which may be related to the following genes: EXOC2, PVT1, NCOA1 and HLA-B.

  • EXOC2: This gene is near to the locus rs116446171 located in the region 6p25.3, in the same haplotype. This gene encodes a protein that forms part of a large multiprotein complex responsible for vesicle trafficking and the maintenance. This protein plays an important role in the maintenance of epithelial cell polarity, cell motility, cytokinesis, proliferation and metastasis, which plays a crucial role in carcinogenic processes.
  • PVT1: This study has linked two variants for 8q24.21 locus (rs13255292 and rs4736601). This region gives rise to an antisense RNA, involved in the activation of MYC. The proximity of PVT1 and MYC oncogene, which is known to be deregulated in some DLBCLs suggests that germline variation in this region may also contribute to the risk of developing the disease.
  • COA1: The SNP rs79480871 located in 2p13.3 as susceptibility locus was identified near NCOA1. It is a coactivator for steroid hormones, and the synthesized protein is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. But the connection between the SNP and NCOA1 gene was not clear, because this polymorphism doesn't belong to the same haplotype, so a further study of this region is required.
  • HLA-B: The strongest association in the HLA region was with HLA-B, the SNP rs2523607 and allele HLA-B08: 01, with a very high value linkage. HLA-B encodes a heavy chain of HLA class I, that heterodimerizes with a light chain. The HLA class I has a central role in the presentation of self or foreign antigens, processed intracellularly, to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. HLA molecules of class I have been associated with many diseases and cancers of the immune system. The results suggest a possible association of other loci within the HLA region with this disease, but further study is needed to evaluate this possibility.

See also

Sources

分型

根據其基因活性，DLBL可分為2種[41]或3種[42] 主要亞型:

  • 活化B細胞淋巴瘤（ABC-DLBCL）
  • 生發中心B細胞淋巴瘤（GCB-DLBCL）
  • 原發縱隔大B細胞淋巴瘤（PMBL）

治療

標準化療方案為CHOP方案。改良的CHOP-R方案可以改善生存率[27]，尤其是對於老年人。[41]

預後

生發中心亞型的預後最好，5年生存率達60%。[41]

參考文獻

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