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利物浦濱海商業城市
世界遺產
利物浦濱海商業城市
官方名稱Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City（英文）
位置 英國
標準文化：(ii)(iii)(iv)
參考編碼1150
登錄年份2004年（第28屆會議）

利物浦濱海商業城市（英語：Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City）是聯合國教科文組織認證的世界遺產，位於英格蘭利物浦。它由利物浦城市中心的六個區域組成，包括皮爾希德、阿爾伯特碼頭和威廉布朗大街，[1] 以及市區其他一些著名地標建築。

聯合國教科文組織在2003年一月份收到利物浦市議會的世界遺產提名申請，同年9月份遞交至國際古蹟遺址理事會 。2004年三月，國際古蹟遺址理事會建議聯合國教科文組織將利物浦濱海商業城市列為世界遺產。[2]利物浦濱海商業城市在2004年第28屆世界遺產委員會議正式授予了世界文化遺產稱號，評語為「英國商業港口對全球巨大影響力的典範」。[3]2012年，由於利物浦水域建設計劃，該區域被列入處於危險的世界遺產目錄。這裏是歐洲僅有的兩個處於危機的中世界遺產（另一個是科索沃中世紀古蹟群）。

包含區域

利物浦濱海商業城市由市區中的六個獨立區域組成，記錄了利物浦的海運歷史。[4]這片區域南北長大約4公里，東西向大約1公里，[5]面積為136公頃。[6]

皮爾希德

主條目：皮爾希德
 
利物浦市的皮爾希德區域

皮爾希德是利物浦海岸重點區域，包括了三個地標建築：皇家利物大廈（The Liver Building）、利物浦港務大廈（ Port of Liverpool Building）和丘納德大廈（Cunard Building）。這三個地標建築統稱為「三女神」（the Three Graces）,它們見證了利物浦在19世紀末20世紀初時的巔峰時代，當時的利物浦是全球最重要的港口城市之一。[7]在世界遺產申請過程中，「第四位女神」--由威爾奧爾索普（Will Alsop）星雲大廈（The Cloud）也被一同遞交至委員會，但在2004年最終還是落選。星雲大廈如今成為了新利物浦博物館，並於2011年7月19日對外開放。[8][9]利物浦港務大廈現在成為了George's Dock Ventilation Tower，這棟建築深受埃及建築風格的影響。[10]老喬治碼頭和一些紀念碑可以追溯到18世紀晚期，其中一個紀念碑是為了紀念在泰坦尼克沉船事件中犧牲的工程師而建造[11]

阿爾伯特碼頭

主條目：阿爾伯特碼頭

阿爾伯特碼頭是一幢碼頭和倉庫綜合設施，於1846年開業，設計師是 傑西·哈特利（Jesse Hartley）和菲利普·哈德維克（Philip Hardwick）。阿爾伯特碼頭的倉庫全部由鋼鐵、磚塊和石料構成，該建築也是世界上第一棟防火建築。[12]這個碼頭使用了當時許多先進技術，第一個油壓起重機就是在這裏得到應用。[13]在第二次世界大戰中，阿爾伯特碼頭遭受到了嚴重損毀，在戰爭結束後又得到了修復。

 
A panoramic view of the Albert Dock today.

斯坦利碼頭保護區

斯坦利碼頭保護區位於皮爾希德北部，這片區域包括了斯坦利碼頭（Stanley Dock）、科靈伍德碼頭（Collingwood Dock）、索爾茲伯里碼頭（Salisbury Dock）和克拉倫斯干船塢（Clarence Graving Dock）。

The Stanley Dock Conservation area is located to the north of the Pier Head and includes huge swathes of Liverpool's docking heartland. Within the site are several docks including Stanley Dock, Collingwood Dock, Salisbury Dock and Clarence Graving Dock; parts of the Leeds Liverpool Canal and associated canal locks; and many smaller features such as bridges, bollards and capstans.[14] Two of the Clarence Graving Docks are notable as the oldest docks still in use in the city today, dating back to 1830, although their full development wasn't completed until 1848.[15] Amongst the buildings in the area are the Victoria Clock Tower and Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse, one of the largest brick buildings in the world.[16]

公爵大街保護區

The Ropewalks site comprises the south western component of the Duke Street conservation area, as well as two warehouses on College Lane and Bluecoat Chambers on School lane. The location was one of the first areas in the city to develop when Liverpool was an emerging port,[17] with Bluecoat Chambers being the oldest surviving building in Liverpool city centre, dating back to 1715.[18] Its proximity to the Old Dock, the world's first enclosed wet dock,[19] meant it was the location of the city's first property speculators who built both warehousing and residential premises along Duke St, Hannover St, and Bold St. The area soon developed a cosmopolitan feel being home to various types of people including sea captains, merchants, traders and artisans. Today the area is known as Ropewalks, a reference to the large number of roperies present in the area when Liverpool was one of the busiest ports in the world during the 18th and 19th centuries.[17]

城堡大街保護區

This part of the WHS is focused around what would have previously been medieval Liverpool and includes Castle Street dominated by Trials Hotel at one end and the Town Hall at the other linking Old Hall Street by Exchange Flags, Victoria Street, Water Street and Dale Street. Today a centre for commercial activity in the city, the area was included due to the nature of its street development over three centuries and the grandeur of its architecture and monuments.[20]

威廉布朗大街保護區

 
St George's Hall viewed from Lime Street
 
World Museum Liverpool

The William Brown street area is the central point for many of Liverpool's civic buildings forming a so-called 'cultural quarter'. Amongst the buildings that are focal to this part of the WHS are St George's Hall, Lime Street Station, the Walker Art Gallery, the World Museum Liverpool, the former Great North Western Hotel and the entrance the Queensway Tunnel.[21]

題詞

Having received the nomination for the area in January 2003, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) travelled to Liverpool in September of that year to carry out an evaluation on behalf of UNESCO. The ICOMOS evaluation analysed the city in relation to its nomination document, looking at four key areas: conservation, authenticity and integrity, comparative evaluation and outstanding universal value.[2]

  • Conservation - In terms of conservation status ICOMOS were happy that a wide range of buildings from the 18th through to 20th century were preserved within the city, despite two world wars and significant decline during the 1970s. However, they keenly stressed the importance of continued preservation suggesting that all future developments within the nominated areas are stringently monitored.
  • Authenticity and integrity - ICOMOS were pleased with manner in which the nominated areas had maintained the majority of their historical integrity, despite some major regeneration and development projects since the Second World War. The urban fabric of the six sites ranged from the 18th to 20th century and the committee were happy that the city's street pattern provided a readable representation of different periods in Liverpool's history.
  • Comparative evaluation - As part of their evaluation ICOMOS compared Liverpool's maritime history with that of other major ports throughout both the UK and wider world. They felt that Liverpool had values and qualities that set it apart from many other port cities both in terms of its maritime function and architectural and cultural significance.
  • Outstanding universal value - In analysing Liverpool's Maritime Mercantile City in terms of its universal value, ICOMOS concurred with the local council that Liverpool was the 'supreme example of a commercial port at the time of Britain's greatest global influence'. In particular they noted the role the city played in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the development of docking technology and railway transportation, and the attention given to cultural activities and architecture.

Upon completion of their evaluation, ICOMOS returned to UNESCO with the recommendation that the area be inscribed as a world heritage site. At the same time they made several recommendations regarding future preservation and development within the areas and their buffer zones.[2] As a result, the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City was inscribed as a world heritage site at the 28th session of the World Heritage Committee in 2004, under the cultural criteria ii, iii and iv:[22]

  • Criterion (ii): "Liverpool was a major centre generating innovative technologies and methods in dock construction and port management in the 18th and 19th centuries. It thus contributed to the building up of the international mercantile systems throughout the British Commonwealth."
  • Criterion (iii): "The city and the port of Liverpool are an exceptional testimony to the development of maritime mercantile culture in the 18th and 19th centuries, contributing to the building up of the British Empire. It was a centre for the slave trade, until its abolition in 1807, and for emigration from northern Europe to America."
  • Criterion (iv): "Liverpool is an outstanding example of a world mercantile port city, which represents the early development of global trading and cultural connections throughout the British Empire."

相關條目

參考資料

註釋

  1. ^ Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City. UK Local Authority World Heritage Forum. [2008-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2008-04-23）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Liverpool (United Kingdom) - NO 1050 (PDF). ICOMOS. 2004 [2008-12-09]. 
  3. ^ Welcome to Liverpool World Heritage. Liverpool City Council. [2008-10-09]. 
  4. ^ Liverpool - Maritime Mercantile City. Visit Britain. [2008-10-09]. 
  5. ^ Liverpool City Council (2005), p17
  6. ^ Liverpool City Council (2005), p26
  7. ^ Pier Head. World Heritage Liverpool. [2008-12-10]. 
  8. ^ Museum of Liverpool. Liverpool museums. [6 February 2012]. 
  9. ^ Building a New Museum. National Museums Liverpool. [2008-10-30]. 
  10. ^ George's Dock Ventilation. Liverpool World Heritage. [2008-12-10]. 
  11. ^ Memorial to the Engine Room Heroes of the Titanic. Liverpool World Heritage. [2008-12-10]. 
  12. ^ Jones, Ron. The Albert Dock, Liverpool. RJ Associates Ltd. 2004: 83. 
  13. ^ Jones, Ron. The Albert Dock, Liverpool. RJ Associates Ltd. 2004: 46. 
  14. ^ The Stanley Dock Conservation area. Liverpool World Heritage. [2009-03-07]. 
  15. ^ Clarence Graving Docks. Liverpool World Heritage. [2009-03-09]. 
  16. ^ The Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse. Liverpool World Heritage. [2008-11-07]. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Duke Street Area/Ropewalks. Liverpool World Heritage. [2008-11-01]. 
  18. ^ Pollard, Richard; Nikolaus Pevsner. The Buildings of England: Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. 2006: 302–304. 
  19. ^ Trading Places: Old Dock History. National Museums Liverpool. [2008-11-01]. 
  20. ^ Castle/Dale/Old Hall St Commercial Centre. Liverpool World Heritage. [2008-11-06]. 
  21. ^ William Brown St Conservation Area. Liverpool World Heritage. [2008-11-07]. 
  22. ^ Nominations of Cultural Properties to the World Heritage List (Liverpool - Maritime Mercantile City). UNESCO. [2008-10-23]. 

參考文獻

外部連結

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