大攻势
大攻势(土耳其语:Büyük Taarruz;奥斯曼土耳其语:بیوك تعرض)为土耳其独立战争中规模最大,同时为最后一场军事行动。交战方为效忠土耳其大国民议会政府的土耳其军队与希腊王国,并最终结束了第二次希土战争。进攻始于1922年8月26日的杜姆卢珀纳尔战役,为此土耳其集结了98000大军,对希腊约13万大军发动进攻──这使土方自开战以来集结的最大数量。[10][11]尔后从8月31日至9月9日期间,随着希腊军队节节败退,土耳其前线往前推进了300 km(190 mi)。[12]土耳其缺乏车辆,是以他们的军队由步兵与骑兵组成;后勤则基本上依靠牛车来进行补资。[13]
土耳其军队于9月9日抵达海岸并解放了伊兹密尔,整体行动于同月的18日结束,期间又占领了埃尔代克和比加。这场惨败导致希腊军队产生极大不满,致使丧失军心,并不愿继续绽露下去,最重要的,是许多有效的希腊战斗单位尽数被土耳其包围、摧毁,这意味着希腊失去了进攻的能力,同时也无法井然有序的撤退,最终促使了大量希腊军队被俘。
细节
进攻始于1922年8月26日的杜姆卢珀纳尔战役,土耳其军队在四天就击败了希腊军队,为快速推进的可能奠定基础。在穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克对大国民议会政府下达命令后,土耳其军队主力开始朝伊兹密尔进军,其他军队则从埃斯基谢希尔开始朝布尔萨前进。[14]后来希腊小亚细亚军队总司令尼古拉斯·特里库皮斯于8月29日投降。[15][16]到了9月7日,艾登、盖尔门哲克、库沙达瑟相继落入土耳其之手,到了9月16日,最后一批希腊军队撤离切什梅,两天后希腊第三军团撤离埃尔代克。对此,英国参谋长感到敬佩。[17]
图片集
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清洗行动中的土耳其骑兵
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战壕中的土耳其步兵
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法赫雷廷·阿勒泰与他的V骑兵军军官们
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撤退中的希腊军队
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一土耳其村庄被撤退中的希腊军队烧毁
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一群政要和记者视察被烧毁的图尔古特鲁镇
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位于安卡拉的希腊官俘
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在阿菲永卡拉希萨尔科卡特佩山上的穆斯塔法·凯末尔帕夏
参见
注脚
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Belgelerle Türk tarihi dergisi, Editions 28–31, Menteş Kitabevi, 1999, page 35 (土耳其语)
- ^ 2.0 2.1 A. Dural: His Story: Mustafa Kemal and Turkish Revolution, ISBN 0595412513, iUniverse, 2007, page 93
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Nizamettin Nazif Tepedelenlioğlu: Bilinmiyen taraflariyle Atutürk, Yeni Çığır Kitabevi, 1959, page 64 (土耳其语)
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Assertion of unitary, independent national states in central and southeast europe (1821–1923), Bibliotheca historica romaniae Edition 62, Edited by Viorica Moisuc and Ion Calafeteanu, Section des sciences historiques de l'Académie de la République Populaire Roumaine., 1980, page 340 (footnote 94)
- ^ Ali Çimen, Göknur Göğebakan: Tarihi Değiştiren Savaşlar, 2. Edition, ISBN 9752634869, page 321. (土耳其语)
- ^ Armistice sought by Greeks as Turks press near Smyrna (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), New York Times, published 8 September 1922
- ^ Clodfelter, Micheal. Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492/2015 Fourth. : 346. ISBN 1476625859.
- ^ Chronicling America - Historic American Newspapers, Turk Cavalry Routs Greeks (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), The Ogden standard-examiner (Ogden, Utah), 7 September 1922, page 2.
- ^ Armistice Sought By Greeks As Turks Press (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 8 September 1922.
- ^ Bruce Clark: Twice a Stranger: The Mass Expulsions That Forged Modern Greece And Turkey, Harvard University Press, 2006, ISBN 0674023684, page 22.
- ^ International Committee of Historical Sciences, 1980, page 227.
- ^ International Committee of Historical Sciences. 1980, page 227.
- ^ International Committee of Historical Sciences, 1980, page 227.
- ^ International Committee of Historical Sciences. Commission of comparative military history, Revue internationale d'histoire militaire (Editions 46–48), University of Michigan, 1980, page 227.
- ^ “Trikupis” veya “Trikopis”, Büyük Larousse Sözlük ve Ansiklopedisi, 22. Cilt, Milliyet Yay., İstanbul.
- ^ Aggelomatis, Chr., "Chronicle of Great Tragedy" (The Epic of Asia Minor), Estia, 1963, pp. 194-5
- ^ Elisabeth Özdalga: The Last Dragoman: The Swedish Orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as Scholar, Activist and Diplomat, Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, 2006, ISBN 9789186884147, page 62.
参考文献
- Kemal Niş, Reşat Söker, Türk İstiklâl Harbi, Batı Cephesi, Büyük Taarruz’da Takip Harekâtı (31 Ağustos – 18 Eylül 1922), Cilt 2, Kısım. 6, 3. Kitap, Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1969. (土耳其语)
- İsmet Görgülü, Büyük Taarruz: 70 nci Yıl Armağanı, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1992. (土耳其语)
- Celal Erikan, Komutan Atatürk, Cilt I-II, Üçüncü Basım, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001, ISBN 975-458-288-2. (土耳其语)
外部链接
- "9 Eylül 1922 İzmir'in Kurtuluşu" ("9 September 1922 Rebelation of İzmir"), Tarihten Kesitler, General Staff of the Republic of Turkey. (土耳其语)
- İzmir Marşı (Izmir March) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (lyrics) in Google Videos. (土耳其语)