新翅下纲

新翅下纲(学名:Neoptera),包含昆虫纲有翅亚纲下,除古翅下纲 (Palaeoptera)之外的所有物种,此类的昆虫拥有翅膀,也包含在演化过程中失去了翅膀,没有飞行能力的物种[2]。新翅下纲包括昆虫中的大多数物种

新翅下纲
停在蔷薇属Rosa arvensis英语Rosa arvensis)花上的蜜蜂
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲: 昆虫纲 Insecta
(未分级) 双髁类 Dicondylia
亚纲: 有翅亚纲 Pterygota
演化支 伴翅类 Metapterygota
下纲: 新翅下纲 Neoptera
Lang, 1888
演化支 (Wipfler 2019年)[1]

系统分类学

复新翅类 Polyneoptera

无尾角类 Acercaria

完全变态类 Holometabola

演化支树状图

新翅目的系统分类问题尚未完全解决[3][4],此演化支树状图页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)根据Wipfler2019年的论文[1]绘制:

Phylogeny

下图为新翅下纲的亲缘关系图,新翅下纲亲缘关系尚未完全厘清,下图乃是根据 Kluge 于2004年、2010年、2012年、2013年、2019年,和2020年的论文中,以形态特征制作的亲缘关系图[5][6][7]。下纲

The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the cladogram, not fully resolved, according to Kluge 2004, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2019, 2020 using morphological characteristics according to the principles of cladoendesis:

Neoptera
Idioprothoraca

Embioptera (webspinners)  

Notoptera (ice crawlers)  

Rhipineoptera

Plecoptera (stoneflies)  

Tegminoptera
Pandictyoptera

Blattodea (cockroaches, termites)  

Mantodea (mantises)  

Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets)  

Phasmatodea (stick insects, including Mantophasmatidae)  

Dermaptera (earwigs)  

Eumetabola
Parametabola

Zoraptera (angel insects)  

Acercaria
Condylognatha

Thysanoptera (thrips)  

Arthroidignatha (= "Hemiptera" auct.) (bugs)  

Panpsocoptera

Psocoptera (bark lice)  

Phthiraptera (lice)  

Endopterygota
Elytrophora

Coleoptera (beetles)  

Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites)  

Coleopteroidea
Neuropteroidea

Neuroptera (net-winged insects)  

Raphidioptera (snakeflies)  

Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)  

Mecopteriformia

Diptera (true flies)  

Enteracantha

Mecoptera except Boreidae (scorpionflies)  

Calyptroptera

Boreidae (snow scorpionflies)  

Siphonaptera (fleas)  

Amphiesmenoptera

Trichoptera (caddisflies)  

Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)  

Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)  

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S. Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019-01-14, 116 (8): 201817794 [2020-09-27]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-31) (英语). 
  2. ^ Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. 2003-04-04: 64 [2021-02-23]. ISBN 978-0-08-054605-6. (原始内容存档于2024-05-19) (英语). 
  3. ^ Kluge 2005页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Kluge 2010页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Kluge 2012页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  4. ^ 蔡晨阳:无尾角类 Acercaria(真臭虫,蓟马,树皮虱和真虱等)的单一起源被强烈支持 the monophyly of Acercaria (true bugs, thrips, bark lice and true lice) is strongly supported - 中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所 布里斯托大学 - 第四届“中国生物系统学学术论坛” 会议报告摘要集 - 2019-12-6 11:28 http://wap.sciencenet.cn/blog-536560-1209002.html
  5. ^ Kluge, Nikita J. Larval/pupal leg transformation and a new diagnosis for the taxon Metabola Burmeister, 1832 = Oligoneoptera Martynov, 1923 (PDF). Russian Entomological Journal. 2004, 13 (4): 189–229 [2020-09-27]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-18). 
  6. ^ Kluge, Nikita J. Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda (PDF). Bionomina. 2010, 1: 15–55 [2020-09-27]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-06-25). 
  7. ^ Kluge, Nikita J. General System of Neoptera with Description of a New Species of Embioptera (PDF). Russian Entomological Journal. 2012, 21 (4): 371–384 [2020-09-27]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-18).  Further material from Kluge is available at Tegminoptera & Calyptroptera 2013页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Tetrastigmoptera 2019页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Insect systematics and principles of cladoendesis页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).