泰卢固文
泰卢固文是婆罗米系元音附标文字,用来书写泰卢固语,它是在南印度安得拉邦和一些临近邦中使用的中南部达罗毘荼语。泰卢固文派生自泰卢固-卡纳达文[1]并与卡纳达文同时独立发展因此看起来很相像。[2]
泰卢固文 | |
---|---|
类型 | |
使用时期 | 大约1500年–现在 |
书写方向 | 从左至右 |
语言 | 泰卢固语 |
相关书写体系 | |
父体系 | |
姊妹体系 | 卡纳达文 |
ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Telu (340), Telugu |
Unicode | |
别名 | Telugu |
范围 | U+0C00–U+0C7F |
派生自婆罗米文
孔雀王朝所使用的婆罗米文最终抵达了奎师那河三角洲并引发了在盛装佛陀舍利的瓦罐上的Bhattiprolu文。[3][4]佛教从Ghantasala和默苏利珀德姆(托勒密地图的古代Maisolos和Periplus图的Masalia)的临近港口传播到东亚[5]。Bhattiprolu文的传播还引发了现代泰文[6]、缅甸文、爪哇文和巴厘文[7],它们看来很像泰卢固文。Bhattiprolu婆罗米文在公元5世纪演化成了古泰卢固-卡纳达文。[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
元音
泰卢固文有14个元音。
独立 | 作క(k)附标 | ISO | IPA | 独立 | 作క(k)附标 | ISO | IPA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
అ | క | a | [ʌ] | ఆ | కా | ā | [a:] | |
ఇ | కి | i | [i] | ఈ | కీ | ī | [i:] | |
ఉ | కు | u | [u] | ఊ | కూ | ū | [u:] | |
ఋ | కృ | r̥ | [rɨ, ru] | ౠ | కౄ | r̥̄ | [rɨ:, ru:] | |
ఌ | l̥ | ౡ | l̥̄ | |||||
ఎ | కె | e | [e] | ఏ | కే | ē | [e:] | |
ఒ | కొ | o | [o] | ఓ | కో | ō | [o:] | |
ఐ | కై | ai | [aj] | ఔ | కౌ | au | [aw] |
附标用例:
ఖ + ఈ(ీ)→ ఖీ | [kʰa] + [iː] → [kʰiː] |
జ + ఉ(ు)→ జు | [dʒa] + [u] → [dʒu] |
辅音
字符 | ISO | IPA | 字符 | ISO | IPA | 字符 | ISO | IPA | 字符 | ISO | IPA | 字符 | ISO | IPA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
క | k | [k] | ఖ | kh | [kʰ] | గ | g | [g] | ఘ | gh | [gʱ] | ఙ | ṅ | [ŋ] | ||||
చ | c | [tʃ] | ఛ | ch | [tʃʰ] | జ | j | [dʒ] | ఝ | jh | [dʒʱ] | ఞ | ñ | [ɲ] | ||||
ట | ṭ | [ʈ] | ఠ | ṭh | [ʈʰ] | డ | ḍ | [ɖ] | ఢ | ḍh | [ɖʱ] | ణ | ṇ | [ɳ] | ||||
త | t | [t] | థ | th | [tʰ] | ద | d | [d] | ధ | dh | [dʱ] | న | n | [n] | ||||
ప | p | [p] | ఫ | ph | [pʰ] | బ | b | [b] | భ | bh | [bʱ] | మ | m | [m] | ||||
య | y | [j] | ర | r | [r] | ల | l | [l] | వ | v | [ʋ] | ళ | ḷ | [ɭ] | ||||
శ | ś | [ɕ] | ష | ṣ | [ʂ] | స | s | [s] | ఱ | ṛ | [ɽ] | హ | h | [h] |
其他附标
్静默辅音的固有元音。ం和ఁ鼻音化它所附着的元音或音节。ః在它所附着的元音或音节后增加一个清擦音。
实例 | ISO | 实例 | ISO | 实例 | ISO | 实例 | ISO | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
అం | aṁ | అఁ | ã | అః | aḥ | క్ | k |
附标用例:
క + ్ → క్ | [ka] + [Ø] → [k] |
క + ఁ → కఁ | [ka] + [n] → [kan] |
క + ం → కం | [ka] + [m] → [kam] |
క + ః → కః | [ka] + [h] → [kah] |
数字
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
౦ | ౧ | ౨ | ౩ | ౪ | ౫ | ౬ | ౭ | ౮ | ౯ |
0⁄4 | 1⁄4 | 2⁄4 | 3⁄4 | 0⁄16 | 1⁄16 | 2⁄16 | 3⁄16 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
౸ | ౹ | ౺ | ౻ | ౦ | ౼ | ౽ | ౾ |
注释:౹, ౺和౻也用于1⁄64, 2⁄64, 3⁄64, 1⁄1024等,而౼, ౽和౾也用于1⁄256, 2⁄256, 3⁄256, 1⁄4096等。[16]
Unicode编码
Unicode给泰卢固文的范围是U+0C00–U+0C7F。
泰卢固文 Telugu[1][2] Unicode Consortium 官方码表 (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+0C0x | ఀ | ఁ | ం | ః | ఄ | అ | ఆ | ఇ | ఈ | ఉ | ఊ | ఋ | ఌ | ఎ | ఏ | |
U+0C1x | ఐ | ఒ | ఓ | ఔ | క | ఖ | గ | ఘ | ఙ | చ | ఛ | జ | ఝ | ఞ | ట | |
U+0C2x | ఠ | డ | ఢ | ణ | త | థ | ద | ధ | న | ప | ఫ | బ | భ | మ | య | |
U+0C3x | ర | ఱ | ల | ళ | ఴ | వ | శ | ష | స | హ | ఼ | ఽ | ా | ి | ||
U+0C4x | ీ | ు | ూ | ృ | ౄ | ె | ే | ై | ొ | ో | ౌ | ్ | ||||
U+0C5x | ౕ | ౖ | ౘ | ౙ | ౚ | ౝ | ||||||||||
U+0C6x | ౠ | ౡ | ౢ | ౣ | ౦ | ౧ | ౨ | ౩ | ౪ | ౫ | ౬ | ౭ | ౮ | ౯ | ||
U+0C7x | ౷ | ౸ | ౹ | ౺ | ౻ | ౼ | ౽ | ౾ | ౿ | |||||||
注释 |
引用
- ^ Bhat, Raghunath. PALAEOGRAPHIC ART OF INDIA AND SOUTH EAST ASIA. IGNCA. 2001 [2007-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2007年9月27日).
- ^ Telugu script details (PDF). [2010-04-10]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-09-26).
- ^ Antiquity of Telugu language and script: http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/20/stories/2007122054820600.htm (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Ananda Buddha Vihara 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2007-09-30.
- ^ The Great Stupa at Nagarjunakonda in Southern India. [2010-04-10]. (原始内容存档于2014-11-04).
- ^ My Thais - Sepia Mutiny. [2010-04-10]. (原始内容存档于2010-01-24).
- ^ Balinese alphabet, language and pronunciation. [2010-04-10]. (原始内容存档于2007-03-09).
- ^ The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems by Florian Coulmas, p. 228
- ^ Vishwabharath by K. N. Murthy and G. U. Rao, http://tdil.mit.gov.in/TelugulScriptDetailsApr02.pdf (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Indiain Epigraphy: a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages, by Richard Solomon, Oxford University Press, 1998, p.40, ISBN 0195099842
- ^ Indian Epigraphy by Dineschandra Sircar, Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, p.46, ISBN 8120811666
- ^ The Dravidian Languages by Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, 2003, Cambridge University Press, pp.78-79, ISBN 0521771110
- ^ Comparative Dravidian linguistics: Current perspectives by Bhadriraju Krishnamurti. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0198241224
- ^ K. Raghunath Bhat, 存档副本. [2007年7月19日]. (原始内容存档于2007年9月27日).
- ^ Al-biruni. English translation of 'Kitab-ul Hind'. New Delhi: National Book Trust.
- ^ Nāgārjuna Venna. Telugu Measures and Arithmetic Marks (PDF). JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N3156. 2006-09-14 [2009-09-03]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-12-24).