美拉诺坦 II

化合物

美拉诺坦 II(Melanotan II)[1]是一种人工合成α-黑素细胞刺激激素英语α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone(α-MSH)类似物英语analog (chemistry),α-MSH属于肽类激素

Melanotan II
别名
Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2


Ac-Nle-c[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2
Ac-cyclo[Nle4, Asp5,D-Phe7, Lys10]α-MSH4–10-NH2
N-Acetyl-L-norleucyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-histidyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-arginyl-L-tryptophyl-L-lysinamide (2→7)-lactam
PT-14

识别
CAS号 121062-08-6  checkY
PubChem 92432
ChemSpider 83450
MeSH melanotan-II
IUPHAR配体 1323
性质
化学式 C50H69N15O9
摩尔质量 1024.180 g·mol⁻¹
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。
Structure of melanotan II (full size)

本品在开发期间的目标是作为治疗女性性功能障碍勃起功能障碍的候选药物,但在2003年停止开发。截至2018年,尚无含有美拉诺坦 II 的产品上市,有关此药物的药物开发英语drug development也都已经停止[1]。 在网络上可以发现许多标榜含有美拉诺坦 II 的无牌商品在市场上流通,被认为是有效的仿晒剂英语sunless tanning,但有成色不均匀、长新的或原有的变黑或变大等副作用,因此医疗机构不建议使用[2][3]

作用机转

美拉诺坦 II 为黑皮质素受体英语melanocortin receptor的非选择性激动剂,可活化MC1英语melanocortin 1 receptorMC3英语melanocortin 3 receptorMC4英语melanocortin 4 receptorMC5英语melanocortin 5 receptor等受体[4]

美拉诺坦 II 能够促进黑素细胞的生成,可能是借由活化MC1英语melanocortin 1 receptor受体所致,而其在性方面的效果被认为与其激活MC4英语melanocortin 4 receptor受体的能力有关(MC3英语melanocortin 3 receptor 受体可能也与其有关)。[5][6]

美拉诺坦 II 的不良反应包括潮红恶心呕吐伸展英语stretching哈欠,和食欲不振(食欲不振与MC4的活化相关)[7][8]

历史

在1960年代初的研究发现,给予大鼠α-MSH会引起其性反应。到1980年代在许多实验室中仍继续做这样的实验,亚利桑那大学的科学家开始试图开发α-MSH或其类似物作为潜在的仿晒剂,并合成和测试了几个类似物,包括美拉诺坦 I英语melanotan-I 和美拉诺坦 II[9][10]

在该药物研发的起步阶段,其中一位科学家决定拿自己做实验,将两倍预期剂量的美拉诺坦 II 注射到自己身上,结果造成他连续勃起8小时,并伴有恶心和呕吐[11]

于是亚利桑那大学运营的技术转让英语technology transfer公司 Competitive Technologies 便将美拉诺坦 I英语melanotan-I以仿晒剂候选物的形式技转给一家名为Epitan的澳大利亚新创公司(2006年更名为Clinuvel)[12][13]。而美拉诺坦 II 则以性功能障碍药物被技转给帕拉丁科技(Palatin Technologies)[10]。帕拉丁技术公司在2000年结束了美拉诺坦 II 的开发,重新开发另一种专利新药,即布美诺肽英语bremelanotide(可能为美拉诺坦 II的代谢物),与美拉诺坦 II 的不同处在于布美诺肽以一个羧基取代美拉诺坦的酰胺基[6][14]。于是 Competitive Technologies 控告帕拉丁科技违约,并声称其具有对布美诺肽英语bremelanotide的权利[15]。双方于2008年和解,帕拉丁科技保有布美诺肽英语bremelanotide的权利,并支付80万美元给 Competitive Technologies ,而 Competitive Technologies 则继续保有美拉诺坦 II 的权利[16]

社会和文化

许多产品在市场上销售,在健身房和美容院中被称为“美拉诺坦 ”或“美拉诺坦 -1”或“美拉诺坦 -2”。[17][18] [19]

这些产品在任何司法辖区都是不合法的,并且是危险的,从2007年开始,各郡的卫生机构开始发出警告,禁止继续使用。[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]

参考

资料来源

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Melanotan II. AdisInsight. [2017-04-06]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-14) (英语). 
  2. ^ Habbema, Louis; Halk, Anne Berthe; Neumann, Martino; Bergman, Wilma. Risks of unregulated use of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogues: a review. International Journal of Dermatology. 2017-10-01, 56 (10): 975–980 [2018-01-24]. ISSN 1365-4632. doi:10.1111/ijd.13585. (原始内容存档于2018-01-25). 
  3. ^ Brennan, Rebekah; Wells, John S.G.; Van Hout, Marie Claire. The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review. Health & Social Care in the Community. 2017-09-01, 25 (5): 1459–1531. ISSN 1365-2524. doi:10.1111/hsc.12326. 
  4. ^ Wikberg, Jarl ES. Melanocortin receptors: new opportunities in drug discovery. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 2001, 11 (1): 61–76. ISSN 1354-3776. doi:10.1517/13543776.11.1.61. 
  5. ^ David O. Norris; Kristin H. Lopez. Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates. Academic Press. 2010-11-25: 4–. ISBN 978-0-08-095809-5. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Hunter Wessells; Wessells, Hunter; Hruby, Victor J.; Balse-Srinivasan, Preeti; King, Stephen H. Melanocortin Receptors, Melanotropic Peptides and Penile Erection. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2007-05-31, 7 (11): 1111–1119. doi:10.2174/1568026610707011111 (英语). 
  7. ^ Tony M. Plant; Anthony J. Zeleznik. Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction: Two-Volume Set. Academic Press. 2014-11-15: 2230–. ISBN 978-0-12-397769-4. 
  8. ^ Alan J. Wein; Louis R. Kavoussi; Andrew C. Novick; Alan W. Partin; Craig A. Peters. Campbell-Walsh Urology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2011-09-28: 743–. ISBN 1-4557-2298-7. 
  9. ^ King SH, Mayorov AV, Balse-Srinivasan P, Hruby VJ, Vanderah TW, Wessells H. Melanocortin receptors, melanotropic peptides and penile erection. Curr Top Med Chem. 2007, 7 (11): 1098–1106. PMC 2694735 . PMID 17584130. doi:10.2174/1568026610707011111. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Hadley, ME. Discovery that a melanocortin regulates sexual functions in male and female humans.. Peptides. October 2005, 26 (10): 1687–9. PMID 15996790. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.01.023. 
  11. ^ Mayorov, Hunter Wessells, Todd W. Vanderah, Victor J. Hruby, Preeti Balse-Srinivasan, Stephen H. King and Alexander V. Melanocortin Receptors, Melanotropic Peptides and Penile Erection. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2007-05-31, 7 (11) [2018-01-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-24) (英语). 
  12. ^ Hadley, ME; Dorr, RT. Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization.. Peptides. April 2006, 27 (4): 921–30. PMID 16412534. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.01.029. 
  13. ^ Epitan changes name to Clinuvel, announces new clinical program. LabOnline. 2006-02-27 [2017-10-22]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-02) (英语). 
  14. ^ Inc., Palatin Technologies,. Palatin Technologies Refutes Competitive Technologies Contention of Material Breach. www.prnewswire.com. [2018-01-24]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-01) (英语). 
  15. ^ Press Release: Palatin Technologies Refutes Competitive Technologies Contention of Material Breach. Palatin Technologies via PR Newswire. 2007-09-12 [2017-10-22]. (原始内容存档于2017-04-07) (英语). 
  16. ^ Press Release: Palatin Technologies Announces Litigation Settlement With Competitive Technologies. Palatin Technologies via PR Newswire. 2008-01-22 [2017-10-22]. (原始内容存档于2017-04-06) (英语). 
  17. ^ Believe It Or Not 'Tanorexia' A Very Real Problem. WCBS-TV, CBS. 2009-05-20 [2009-07-23]. (原始内容存档于2009-05-21). 
  18. ^ Fools Gold. Cosmopolitan (Australia). 2009-06-14 [2009-07-25]. (原始内容存档于2009-09-12). 
  19. ^ Madrigal, Alexis. Suntan Drug Greenlighted for Trials. Wired. 2009-01-29 [2009-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2009-05-05). 
  20. ^ Tanning drug a health risk. Herald Sun英语Herald Sun. 2009-10-31 [2009-10-31]. (原始内容存档于2010-12-29). 
  21. ^ Ewan A Langan; Z. Nie; Lesley E Rhodes. Melanotropic peptides: More than just "Barbie drugs" and "sun tan jabs?". British Journal of Dermatology. June 2010, 163 (3): 451–5. PMID 20545686. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09891.x. 
  22. ^ Ewan A Langan; Denise Ramlogan; Lynne A Jamieson; Lesley E Rhodes. Change in moles linked to use of unlicensed "sun tan jab". BMJ. January 2009, 338: b277. PMID 19174439. doi:10.1136/bmj.b277. 
  23. ^ Risky tan jab warnings 'ignored'. BBC. 2009-02-18 [2009-03-04]. (原始内容存档于2009-02-21). 
  24. ^ Warning against the product Melanotan. Danish Medicines Agency英语Danish Medicines Agency. 2008 [2008-08-11]. 
  25. ^ "Tan jab" is an unlicensed medicine and may not be safe. MHRA英语Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. 2008 [2008-11-17]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-18). 
  26. ^ US Lab Research Inc Warning letter. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2009-01-29 [2009-07-23]. (原始内容存档于2009-07-10). 
  27. ^ Melanotan Powder for Injection. Notice Information: – Warning – 27 February 2009. Irish Medicines Board. 2009 [2009-02-02]. (原始内容存档于2013-08-01). 
  28. ^ Legemiddelverket advarer mot bruk av Melanotan. Norwegian Medicines Agency. 2007-12-13 [2009-03-11]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-17). 
  29. ^ Melanotan – farlig og ulovlig brunfarge. Norwegian Medicines Agency英语Norwegian Medicines Agency. 2009-01-23 [2009-03-11]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-17). 


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