苹果猪笼草
苹果猪笼草（学名：Nepenthes ampullaria）是一种分布广泛的猪笼草。其存在于在婆罗洲、摩鹿加群岛、新几内亚、西马来西亚、新加坡、苏门答腊和泰国。[2][3][4][5][6][7]其种加词“ampullaria”来源于拉丁文“ampulla”，意为“烧瓶”。
苹果猪笼草
| |
|---|---|
| |
| 苹果猪笼草的地面笼，可以看到作为遮雨的笼盖叶子是外放的，开口随时用来接取掉落的落叶，摄于婆罗洲巴哥国家公园 | |
科学分类 
| |
| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
| 演化支： | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
| 演化支： | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
| 目： | 石竹目 Caryophyllales |
| 科： | 猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae |
| 属： | 猪笼草属 Nepenthes |
| 种： | 苹果猪笼草 N. ampullaria
|
| 二名法 | |
| Nepenthes ampullaria Jack, 1835
| |
| 异名 | |
| |
与其他物种的区别在于其食虫性已退化，并已具有部分的食腐性，转为以捕虫笼收集和消化落叶。[8][9][10]因此素食性使得相当多的生物居住其中，形成特殊的共生关系，而这些生物有时能提供氮源。
苹果猪笼草的中文名的由来
1990年代，有一位台湾的栽培者接受园艺杂志的采访，记者要求提供猪笼草的俗名，这位栽培者脱口而说出“就叫苹果猪笼草吧！”因为从某个角度看起来像苹果，于是杂志刊登这篇报导后，这种猪笼草就叫作苹果猪笼草了。[11]
植物学史
苹果猪笼草的捕虫笼形态和生长习性均十分独特，与其余同属植物具有显著的不同。弗朗西斯·欧内斯特·劳埃德翻译了特罗尔（Troll）在1932年对苹果猪笼草的描述：[注 1][12]
| “ | 在苏门答腊以西的西比路岛上，我在一个沼泽森林的大量植被中发现了苹果猪笼草。这真是一个令人难以置信又难忘的景象。在藤蔓织成的大网中，独特形态的捕虫笼散发着微光，它们一簇簇地生长着；而更令人惊叹的是，在长满苔藓的淤泥中，点缀着一个又一个地面笼，油然一片广阔的地毯。 | ” |
形态特征
苹果猪笼草的茎呈淡棕色，可以攀爬至15米的高处。[13]植株生长到一定程度后倒伏，由植株基本再生长出侧芽，使其呈丛状。[2]
苹果猪笼草的叶片呈浅绿色，可长达25厘米，宽至6厘米。笼蔓可长达15厘米。 [13]
苹果猪笼草水罐状的捕虫笼一般都很小，很少超过10厘米高，7厘米宽。唇大大内趋，内缘部分约占截面表面总长度的85%。[14]上位笼十分罕见，且其尺寸远小于下位笼。笼盖后翻，不具遮雨功能。[2]捕虫笼的颜色为浅绿色至深红色；据记录。苏门答腊和西马来西亚的苹果猪笼草几乎都为全绿色或为绿底红斑；全红的苹果猪笼草大多只存在于婆罗洲。在新几内亚曾记录到具巨大捕虫笼的苹果猪笼草。[13][15]
苹果猪笼草的花序为密集的圆锥花序。它是在苏门答腊和西马来西亚发现的唯一有着圆锥花序的猪笼草属植物。[15]
苹果猪笼草幼株的各个部位均长有密集的棕色短毛，但成株的毛被除了花序部分都很稀疏。[13]
原生地
苹果猪笼草是猪笼草属内分布较为广泛的物种之一，其存在于婆罗洲、摩鹿加群岛、新几内亚、马来西亚半岛、新加坡、苏门答腊、泰国。[3]其也存在于周围许多小型岛屿中，包括邦加岛、望加丽岛、兰塔岛、达鲁岛、浮罗交怡、孟德尔岛、明打威群岛（西比路岛）、美兰地群岛（巴东岛、朗桑岛、直名丁宜岛）、尼亚斯岛、槟榔屿、廖内群岛（林加群岛、纳土纳群岛[16]、廖内岛）、鲁帕岛[17]
苹果猪笼草一般生长在海拔1200米[2]或2100米[18]以下的潮湿阴凉的森林中。在婆罗洲，苹果猪笼草主要分布在海拔0至1000米相对平坦的巽他荒原森林、泥炭沼泽森林和退化沼泽林（degraded swamp forest）中。[13]
在苏门答腊和西马来西亚，苹果猪笼草生长于海拔1100米以下荒原森林的平坦地带、巴丹疏林（“巴丹”即“padang”，在马来语中意为“平原”）、贝鲁卡（矮灌木林）、泥炭沼泽林、退化沼泽森林以及浅水区域中。[15]
食虫性
苹果猪笼草与其他猪笼草相比，其捕获猎物的数量极少，捕虫笼内多为其他植物的落叶。因此，其被认为是靠吸收捕虫笼内腐败有机质释放的营养素而获取营养，[2]由此看来，苹果猪笼草已拥有部分的食腐性。
苹果猪笼草已进化出了多种适应获得落叶的特征：
- 在猪笼草属中，苹果猪笼草是少数几种捕虫笼中缺少“新月形”细胞的物种。[19][20]这些经过形态改变的气孔保卫细胞，被认为可以让昆虫更加容易地滑入笼中。[12]
- 不同于其他猪笼草，苹果猪笼草的笼盖较小，且是向内翻折的，有助于落叶直接落入笼中。[15]
- 在捕食昆虫时起到重要作用的蜜腺已经极为罕见，某些变型的笼盖上甚至已经完全消失。[15]
- 与其他物种相比，唇上的蜜腺也大量减少。[15]
- 在地面笼中，腺体区几乎延伸到了唇，而唇上只有少量或几乎没有蜡质区，[13][20][21][22][23]而蜡质区的作用是使昆虫滑落入笼中的消化液里。[15]
- 苹果猪笼草具有猪笼草属中是十分少见的地下茎，让捕虫笼可以如同地毯一般覆盖住土壤，扩大了接住落叶的区域范围。[15]
- 苹果猪笼草的捕虫笼可以维持相对较长时间不枯萎，因为该物种有赖于逐步积累吸收到的营养素。[15]
- 一些猪笼草底内动物，如孑孓，被认为能够促进落叶的分解，并通过排泄铵离子的方式为植物转化出可利用的氮。一些分解落叶的细菌也可以帮助产生铵离子。[15]
- 苹果猪笼草的捕虫笼也是一部分水生生物的繁殖场所。
这些叶片为它的生长提供了大量的营养。实验表明，生长于森林树冠下（有落叶供给）的苹果猪笼草，其叶内氮-15的丰度要远低于没有落叶供给的同类。然而，前者总体的氮浓度却高于生长于空旷地带的后者。2003年的研究估算，生长于森林树冠下的苹果猪笼草，其叶内有35.7%（±0.1%）的氮素来自落叶。[8]2011年的研究发现，苹果猪笼草叶片42.7%（±5.5%）和捕虫笼54.8%（±7.0%）的氮素来源于落叶，这表明食腐可增加叶片的净光合速率。[9]
底内生物
在苹果猪笼草的捕虫笼内已记录到了59种底内生物。[24]已知最小的旧大陆蛙——猪笼草姬蛙（Microhyla nepenthicola）和一种蟹蛛——猪笼草花蛛（Misumenops nepenthicola），生存于苹果猪笼草的捕虫笼中。[25][26]
种下类群
记载中最常见的变种是发现于砂拉越的总状苹果猪笼草（N. ampullaria var. racemosa），其具有总状花序。B·H·丹瑟将其余视为非重要的变种。[27]已发表的品种包括：[28]
- N. ampullacea var. picta Hort.Parker ex Rafarin (1869)
- N. ampullacea var. vittata Hort.Van Houtte ex Rafarin (1869)
- N. ampullaria var. geelvinkiana Becc. (1886)
- N. ampullaria var. guttata D.Moore (1872)[29]
- N. ampullaria var. longicarpa Becc. (1886)
- N. ampullaria var. microsepala Macfarl. (1911)
- N. ampullaria var. papuana Becc. in sched. nom.nud.
- N. ampullaria var. racemosa J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1990)
- N. ampullaria var. viridis Hort. ex Teijsm. (1859)[30]nom.nud.
- N. ampullaria var. vittata-major Mast. (1872)[31]
自然杂交种
苹果猪笼草每年开花一至两次，花期数周。它的花期与其他许多猪笼草属植物吻合，因此它很容易和其他种形成自然杂交种。以下为已发现的自然杂交种。
- N. albomarginata × N. ampullaria[13]
- N. ampullaria × N. bicalcarata[13]
- N. ampullaria × N. eustachya[3]
- N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=N. × trichocarpa][13]
- (N. ampullaria × N. gracilis) × N. bicalcarata [=N. × trichocarpa × N. bicalcarata]
- N. ampullaria × N. hemsleyana[32]
- N. ampullaria × N. hirsuta[13]
- N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=N. × kuchingensis, Nepenthes cutinensis][13]
- N. ampullaria × N. neoguineensis[3]
- N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=N. × hookeriana][13][33]
- ? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis][34]
- N. ampullaria × N. reinwardtiana[15]
- N. ampullaria × N. spathulata[35]
- N. ampullaria × N. tobaica[15]
-
苹果猪笼草与真穗猪笼草的自然杂交种 -
毛果猪笼草 -
苹果猪笼草与新几内亚猪笼草的自然杂交种 -
虎克猪笼草
注释
- ^ F·E·劳埃德翻译特罗尔1932年对苹果猪笼草的描述原文：[12]
“ I came across N. ampullaria among the massive vegetations of a swamp-forest on the island of Siberut off the west coast of Sumatra. It was a fabulous, unforgettable sight. Everywhere, through the network of lianas the peculiarly-formed pitchers of this species gleamed forth, often in tight clusters and, most remarkably, the muddy moss-overgrown soil was spotted with the pitchers of this plant, so that one got the impression of a carpet. ”
参考文献
- ^ Clarke, C.M. Nepenthes ampullaria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018, 2018: e.T39640A143958546 [2022-08-01]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39640A143958546.en
.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 48–50. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ （意大利文） Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
- ^ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Moran, J.A., C.M. Clarke & B.J. Hawkins 2003. From carnivore to detritivore? Isotopic evidence for leaf litter utilization by the tropical pitcher plant Nepenthes ampullaria. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164(4): 635–639. doi:10.1086/375422
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Pavlovič, A., Ľ. Slováková & J. Šantrůček 2011. Nutritional benefit from leaf litter utilization in the pitcher plant Nepenthes ampullaria. Plant, Cell & Environment 34(11): 1865–1873. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02382.x
- ^ Pavlovič, A. 2012. Adaptive radiation with regard to nutrient sequestration strategies in the carnivorous plants of the genus Nepenthes. Plant Signaling & Behavior 7(2): 295–297. doi:10.4161/psb.18842
- ^ 食蟲植物入門. ［［blogspot］］.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Lloyd, F.E. 1942. The Carnivorous Plants. Chronica Botanica 9. Ronald Press Company, New York, U.S.A. xvi + 352 pp.
- ^ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
- ^ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2013-09-21.
- ^ Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
- ^ Pant, D.D. & S. Bhatnagar 1977. Morphological studies in Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Phytomorphology 27: 13–34.
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Moran, J.A., B.J. Hawkins, B.E. Gowen & S.L. Robbins 2010. Ion fluxes across the pitcher walls of three Bornean Nepenthes pitcher plant species: flux rates and gland distribution patterns reflect nitrogen sequestration strategies. Journal of Experimental Botany 61(5): 1365–1374. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq004
- ^ Macfarlane, J.M. 1893. Observations on pitchered insectivorous plants. (Part II.) Archive.is的存档，存档日期2012-07-08. Annals of Botany 7(4): 403–458.
- ^ Jebb, M.H.P. 1991. An account of Nepenthes in New Guinea. Science in New Guinea 17(1): 7–54.
- ^ Di Giusto, B., M. Guéroult, N. Rowe & L. Gaume 2009. Chapter 7: The Waxy Surface in Nepenthes Pitcher Plants: Variability, Adaptive Significance and Developmental Evolution （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In: S.N. Gorb (ed.) Functional Surfaces in Biology: Adhesion Related Phenomena. Volume 2. Springer. pp. 183–204.
- ^ Adlassnig, W., M. Peroutka & T. Lendl 2011. Traps of carnivorous pitcher plants as a habitat: composition of the fluid, biodiversity and mutualistic activities. Annals of Botany 107(2): 181–194. doi:10.1093/aob/mcq238
- ^ Das, I. & A. Haas. 2010. New species of Microhyla from Sarawak: Old World’s smallest frogs crawl out of miniature pitcher plants on Borneo (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae).PDF Zootaxa 2571: 37–52.
- ^ Gururaja, K.V. 2010. Old World’s smallest frog discovered residing in killer plants.PDF Current Science 99(8): 1000.
- ^ Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
- ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes ampullaria （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ Moore, D. 1872. On the culture of Nepenthes at Glasnevin. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872(11): 359–360.
- ^ （法文） Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859. Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon 2: 133–142.
- ^ Masters, M.T. 1872. The cultivated species of Nepenthes. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872(16): 540–542.
- ^ Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12. doi:10.3767/000651913X668465
- ^ Yulita, K.S. & M. Mansur 2012. The occurrence of hybrid in Nepenthes hookeriana Lindl. from Central Kalimantan can be detected by RAPD and ISSR markers. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 19(1): 18–24. doi:10.4308/hjb.19.1.18
- ^ Lowrie, A. 1983. {{PDFlink|Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）|1.25 MiB Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.
- ^ （印尼文） Akhriadi, P. 2007. Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Kerinci 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2016-03-03.. Working paper, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2016-03-04.
- [Anonymous] 1881. Messrs. Veitch's Nepenthes-house. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 16(410): 598–599.
- [Anonymous] 1883. Mr. A. E. Ratcliff's Nepenthes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Gardeners' Chronicle 20(497): 18–19.
- Adam, J.H. 1997. Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134.
- Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
- （马来文） Adam, J.H., J.N. Maisarah, A.T.S. Norhafizah, A.H. Hafiza, M.Y. Harun & O.A. Rahim et al. 2009. Ciri Tanih Pada Habitat Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Padang Tujuh, Taman Negeri Endau-Rompin Pahang. [Soil Properties in Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) Habitat at Padang Tujuh, Endau-Rompin State Park, Pahang.] In: J.H. Adam, G.M. Barzani & S. Zaini (eds.) Bio-Kejuruteraan and Kelestarian Ekosistem. [Bio-Engineering and Sustainable Ecosystem.] Kumpulan Penyelidikan Kesihatan Persekitaran, Pusat Penyelidikan Bukit Fraser and Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia. pp. 147–157.
- Adam, J.H., H.A. Hamid, M.A.A. Juhari, S.N.A. Tarmizi & W.M.R. Idris 2011. Species composition and dispersion pattern of pitcher plants recorded from Rantau Abang in Marang District, Terengganu State of Malaysia. International Journal of Botany 7(2): 162–169. doi:10.3923/ijb.2011.162.169
- （法文） André, E. 1877. Nepenthes ampullaria, Jack. Nepenthes ampullaria var. vittata major.. L'Illustration horticole: revue mensuelle des serres et des jardins 24: 45–46, t. 272. (alternate scan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)
- （印尼文） Baloari, G., R. Linda & Mukarlina 2013. Keanekaragaman jenis dan pola distribusi Nepenthes spp di Gunung Semahung Kecamatan Sengah Temila Kabupaten Landak （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Protobiont 2(1): 1–6. Abstract （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- （法文） Besnard, J. 1991. Nepenthes ampullaria "Cantley's red" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Dionée 23.
- Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 42(4): 122–128.
- （拉丁文） Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
- Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist, published online on March 24, 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
- Bourke, G. 2011. The Nepenthes of Mulu National Park. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 20–31.
- Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba. Nepenthes ampullaria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [12 May 2006].
- Brearley, F.Q. & M. Mansur 2012. Nutrient stoichiometry of Nepenthes species from a Bornean peat swamp forest. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41(3): 105–108.
- Clarke, C.M. & J.A. Moran 1994. A further record of aerial pitchers in Nepenthes ampullaria Jack. Malayan Nature Journal 47: 321–323.
- Cresswell, J.E. 1998. Morphological correlates of necromass accumulation in the traps of an Eastern tropical pitcher plant, Nepenthes ampullaria Jack, and observations on the pitcher infauna and its reconstitution following experimental removal. Oecologia 113(3): 383–390. doi:10.1007/s004420050390
- Damayanti, F., M. Mansur & I. Roostika 2011. Diversity of Nepenthes spp. in West Kalimantan. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 3(13): 705–708.
- （印尼文） Desti 2009. Anatomi daun dua jenis kantung semar (Nepenthes ampullaria Jack dan Nepenthes singalana Becc.). Thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
- （印尼文） Deswita, E. 2010. Perkembangan ginesium beberapa jenis Nepenthes (N. ampullaria Jack., N. gracilis Korth. dan N. reinwardtiana Miq.). Thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
- Dixon, W.E. 1889. Nepenthes. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 6(144): 354.
- （印尼文） Enjelina, W. 2012. Analisis hibrid alam kantung semar (Nepenthes) di Bukit Taratak Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Sumatera Barat dengan teknik RAPD. M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang.
- Fashing, N.J. 2010. Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata).PDF In: M.W. Sabelis & J. Bruin (eds.) Trends in Acarology: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Springer Science, Dordrecht. pp. 81–84. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5
- Frazier, C.K. 2000. Reproductive isolating mechanisms and fitness among tropical pitcher plants (Nepenthes) and their hybrids （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
- Green, T.L. & S. Green 1964. Stem pitchers on Nepenthes ampullaria. Malayan Nature Journal 18: 209–211.
- （印尼文） Hanafi, H. 2010. Pertumbuhan Nepenthes ampullaria Jack. pada medium MS modifikasi dan penambahan beberapa konsentrasi BAP. Thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
- （印尼文） Hanafiah, L. 2008. Studi habitat Nepenthes ampullaria Jack di Kawasan Taman Wisata Alam Lembah Harau. M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
- （印尼文） Handayani, T. 1999. Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia.PDF [Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens.] In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372.
- （印尼文） Handayani, T. & R. Hendrian 1999. Strategi konservasi Nepenthes ampullaria Jack.PDF [Conservation strategy of Nepenthes ampullaria Jack.] In: Workshop & Promosi Flora Kawasan Timur Indonesia. Kebun Raya Ekakarya Bali, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 1–6.
- Handayani, T., D. Latifah & Dodo 2005. Diversity and growth behaviour of Nepenthes (pitcher plants) in Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan Province. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Biodiversitas 6(4): 248–252 . Cover （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Hansen, E. 2001. Where rocks sing, ants swim, and plants eat animals: finding members of the Nepenthes carnivorous plant family in Borneo（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Discover 22(10): 60–68.
- Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
- Hirst, S. 1928. A new tyroglyphid mite (Zwickia nepenthesiana sp. n.) from the pitchers of Nepenthes ampullaria. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the British Royal Asiatic Society 6: 19–22.
- Hooker, J.D. 1859. XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes, with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22(4): 415–424. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x
- Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra. Tropical Zoology 6(1): 11–25. Abstract
- Kitching, R.L. 2000. Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
- （捷克文） Koudela, I. 1998. Klíčí nebo neklíčí （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Trifid 1998(2): 36–37. (page 2 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)
- Kurup, R., A.J. Johnson, S. Sankar, A.A. Hussain, C.S. Kumar & S. Baby 2013. Fluorescent prey traps in carnivorous plants. Plant Biology 15(3): 611–615. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00709.x
- Lam, S.Y. 1982. Tripteroides aranoides (Theobald) in two pitcher plants, Nepenthes ampullaria Jack and N. gracilis Korth., at Kent Ridge (Diptera: Culicidae). B.Sc (Hons.) thesis, National University of Singapore.
- Lecoufle, M. 1990. Nepenthes ampullaria. In: Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation. Blandford, London. pp. 130–131.
- Lee, C.C. 2000. Recent Nepenthes Discoveries （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
- Lim, S.H., D.C.Y. Phua & H.T.W. Tan 2000. Primer design and optimization for RAPD analysis of Nepenthes. Biologia Plantarum 43(1): 153–155. doi:10.1023/A:1026535920714
- Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） [pp. 279–288] In: J.S. Gamble. Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 75(3): 279–391.
- （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
- （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. [Diversity of lowland Nepenthes (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.] Berita Biologi 8(5): 335–341. Abstract
- （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2008. Penelitian ekologi Nepenthes di Laboratorium Alam Hutan Gambut Sabangau Kereng Bangkirai Kalimantan Tengah （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Peat Swamps Forest Natural Laboratory, Kereng Bangkirai Sabangau, Central Kalimantan.] Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(1): 67–73. Abstract （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(3): 271–276.
- McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
- （德文） Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
- Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
- Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
- （印尼文） Meriko, L. 2010. Perkembangan androesium beberapa jenis Nepenthes (N. ampullaria Jack., N. gracilis Korth. dan N. reinwardtiana Miq.). M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
- Mogi, M. & K.L. Chan 1997. Variation in communities of dipterans in Nepenthes pitchers in Singapore: predators increase prey community diversity. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90(2): 177–183.
- Moran, J.A., W.E. Booth & J.K. Charles 1999. Aspects of pitcher morphology and spectral characteristics of six Bornean Nepenthes pitcher plant species: implications for prey capture.PDF Annals of Botany 83: 521–528.
- Mullins, J. & M. Jebb 2009. Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Nepenthes. National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin.
- （印尼文） Murniati, Syamswisna & A. Nurdini 2013. Pembuatan flash card dari hasil inventarisasi Nepenthes di hutan adat desa Teluk Bakung （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran 2(1): [unpaginated; 14 pp.] Abstract （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- （日语） Oikawa, T. 1992. Nepenthes ampullaria Jack. In: Muyū kusa – Nepenthes（無憂草 – Nepenthes）. [The Grief Vanishing.] Parco Co., Japan. pp. 34–37.
- Osunkoya, O.O., S.D. Daud & F.L. Wimmer 2008. Longevity, lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of Nepenthes species. Annals of Botany 102(5): 845–853. doi:10.1093/aob/mcn162
- （印尼文） Rahmawati, Y. 2010. Pengawetan polen Nepenthes ampullaria Jack. dengan beberapa pelarut organik. Thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
- Rice, B. 2007. Carnivorous plants with hybrid trapping strategies. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36(1): 23–27.
- Robinson, A. 1995 ['1994/95']. Plant findings in Malaysia. The Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 18: 44–47.
- Rottloff, S., R. Stieber, H. Maischak, F.G. Turini, G. Heubl & A. Mithöfer 2011. Functional characterization of a class III acid endochitinase from the traps of the carnivorous pitcher plant genus, Nepenthes. Journal of Experimental Botany 62(13): 4639–4647. doi:10.1093/jxb/err173
- Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
- Slack, A. 1979. Nepenthes ampullaria. In: Carnivorous Plants. Ebury Press, London. pp. 82–84.
- Steffan, W.A. & N.L. Evenhuis 1982. A New Species of Toxorhynchites from Papua New Guinea (Diptera: Culicidae).[永久失效链接]PDF Mosquito Systematics 14(1): 1–13.
- （印尼文） Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994. Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat. Project report, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
- （印尼文） Syamsuardi 1995. Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (Nepenthes) di Sumatera Barat. [Numerical classification of pitcher plants (Nepenthes) in West Sumatra.] Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4(1): 48–57. Abstract
- Takeuchi, Y., M.M. Salcher, M. Ushio, R. Shimizu-Inatsugi, M.J. Kobayashi, B. Diway, C. von Mering, J. Pernthaler & K.K. Shimizu 2011. In situ enzyme activity in the dissolved and particulate fraction of the fluid from four pitcher plant species of the genus Nepenthes. PLoS ONE 6(9): e25144. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025144
- Tan, W.K. & C.L. Wong 1996. Aerial pitchers of Nepenthes ampullaria. Nature Malaysiana 21(1): 12–14.
- Teo, L.L. 2001. Study of natural hybridisation in some tropical plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. M.Sc. thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
- Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
- Wong, D. 1996. Thoughts, reflections, and upper Nepenthes ampullaria pitcher.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 25(1): 10–14.
- Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.
