九三宣言

《九三宣言》（德语：Manifest der 93）或《告文明世界书》（德语：An die Kulturwelt!）是第一次世界大战初期1914年10月4日由93位杰出的德国科学家、学者、艺术家联名发布的声明^[1]，以表明他们对德国在战争初期军事行动的坚定支持。这些军事行动指的是比利时惨案（英语：Rape of Belgium）。该宣言强烈激发了德国大学和其他学校对战争的支持，但同时在他国知识界引发极大愤慨。该宣言不顾事实，否认德国在比利时有任何攻击平民的行动，并继续宣称战争是必要的，“如果没有德意志军国主义，德国文化早就被从地球表面抹去”，“我们将作为一个文明国家战斗到最后，我国视歌德、贝多芬和康德的遗产与家园同样神圣”。^[2]^:207

联署人威廉·朱利斯·福尔斯特很快就后悔签署此宣言。1921年，《纽约时报》报道发现76位健在的签署人中60人都有不同程度的后悔。有些签署人表示签名时并未看到所签署的内容^[3]。

名单

参考

^ Jürgen von Ungern-Sternberg and Wolfgang von Ungern-Sternberg, Der Aufruf "An die Kulturwelt!": das Manifest der 93 und die Anfänge der Kriegspropaganda im Ersten Weltkrieg （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1996, p.13.
^ Isaacson, Walter, Einstein: His Life and Universe, New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7432-6473-0
^ The Ninety-Three Today (PDF). The New York Times. March 2, 1921: 7 [2019-04-13]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-03-13）. A German writer, M.H. WEHBERG, has recently published the results of personal inquiries made of the surviving professors, scientists and literary men who in 1914 signed the famous manifesto of the ninety-three Gelehrten. Seventeen of them have since died, but of this number it was known that several had changed their minds, or at least wished that they had not put their names to a document which was a reproach to German learning. Among the living only sixteen were found to stand by their action in 1914 without wavering, and to say that they would sign the manifesto again. This leaves some sixty of the original ninety-three who now express regret — in some cases amounting almost to remorse. Some of them explain that they did not read or know what they had signed. They gave their names by telephone or telegraph to what they supposed to be a truthful utterance of German university opinion. Later they felt 'keen chagrin' when they found that, with their indignant 'it is not true,' they had been denying facts amply proved. More than one of the signers now has strong words in condemnation of the 'unlucky and senseless' declaration, as it is now admitted to have been, to which they were induced to put their names. This is perhaps the nearest to repentance that we have had or may expect from Germany. Herr WEHBERG records many excuses, some semi-apologies, several expressions of sorrow that the thing turned out so badly; but not one form of the straight-out confession that is good for the soul.

[1] Jürgen von Ungern-Sternberg and Wolfgang von Ungern-Sternberg, Der Aufruf "An die Kulturwelt!": das Manifest der 93 und die Anfänge der Kriegspropaganda im Ersten Weltkrieg （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1996, p.13.

[Isaacson-2] Isaacson, Walter, Einstein: His Life and Universe, New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7432-6473-0

[NYT1921-3] The Ninety-Three Today (PDF). The New York Times. March 2, 1921: 7 [2019-04-13]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-03-13）. A German writer, M.H. WEHBERG, has recently published the results of personal inquiries made of the surviving professors, scientists and literary men who in 1914 signed the famous manifesto of the ninety-three Gelehrten. Seventeen of them have since died, but of this number it was known that several had changed their minds, or at least wished that they had not put their names to a document which was a reproach to German learning. Among the living only sixteen were found to stand by their action in 1914 without wavering, and to say that they would sign the manifesto again. This leaves some sixty of the original ninety-three who now express regret — in some cases amounting almost to remorse. Some of them explain that they did not read or know what they had signed. They gave their names by telephone or telegraph to what they supposed to be a truthful utterance of German university opinion. Later they felt 'keen chagrin' when they found that, with their indignant 'it is not true,' they had been denying facts amply proved. More than one of the signers now has strong words in condemnation of the 'unlucky and senseless' declaration, as it is now admitted to have been, to which they were induced to put their names. This is perhaps the nearest to repentance that we have had or may expect from Germany. Herr WEHBERG records many excuses, some semi-apologies, several expressions of sorrow that the thing turned out so badly; but not one form of the straight-out confession that is good for the soul.

[1]

[2]

[3]