暗氧
暗氧(英语:Dark Oxygen)是指通过不涉及依赖光的含氧光合作用的过程产生分子氧(O2)。因此,此名称所使用的“暗”意义,与“生物暗物质”(例如)一词中所使用的“暗”意义不同,前者表示科学评估的晦涩不明,而非光度学上的意义。虽然地球上大部分的氧是由植物和光合作用活跃的微生物透过光合作用产生的,但暗氧是透过各种非生物和生物过程产生的,并可能在黑暗、缺氧的环境中支持有氧新陈代谢。
非生物制造
暗氧的非生物制造可透过几种机制发生,例如:
- 水的辐解:该过程通常发生在黑暗的地质生态系统中,例如含水层,周围岩石中放射性元素的衰变导致水分子分解,产生氧[1]。
- 表面结合自由基的氧化作用:在石英等含硅矿物上,表面结合的自由基会发生氧化作用,进而产生氧[2][3][4]。
除了直接形成氧外,这些过程通常会产生活性氧类(ROS),例如氢氧自由基(OH•)、超氧自由基(O2•-) 以及过氧化氢(H2O2)。这些活性氧类可以透过超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶等酵素,以生物方式转换成氧和水,或透过与亚铁和其他还原金属的反应,以非生物方式转换成氧和水[5][6]。
生物制造
暗氧的生物制造由微生物透过不同的微生物过程进行,包括
- 亚氯酸盐分解:这包括将亚氯酸盐(ClO2-)分解成 O2 和氯离子[7]。
- 一氧化氮分解:这包括将一氧化氮(NO)分解成 O2 和氮气(N2)或一氧化二氮(N2O)[8][9][10]。
- 透过甲烷菌素裂解水分子:甲烷菌素可溶解水分子以产生 O2[11]。
这些过程使微生物群落能够在缺氧的环境中维持有氧新陈代谢。
实验证据
最近的研究提供了在各种地质和次表层环境中产生暗氧的证据:
影响
尽管暗氧产生的途径多样化,传统上仍被认为在地球系统中微不足道。最近的证据显示,在黑暗、显然缺氧的环境中,氧的产生与消耗规模远大于先前的想像,对全球生物地球化学循环造成影响[19][20]。
参考资料
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