维基百科

锡耶纳赛马节

锡耶纳赛马节（Palio di Siena，意大利语发音：[ˈpaːljo di ˈsjɛːna]），于每年的7月2日以及8月16日在意大利锡耶纳举办的传统赛马。竞赛时，17个区会选出10区进行比赛，一区只能派出一名骑士。竞赛规定不能使用马鞍，骑士穿着的衣服颜色象征他们所代表的区。在7月2号举办的赛马节被称为普罗文萨诺赛马节（Palio di Provenzano），用来纪念普罗文萨诺的玛丹娜，这是一场特别为了锡耶纳的玛丽亚献身精神所举办的，作为卡莫利亚三分区（英语：Terzi (Siena)）（Terzo Camollia）的一个象征。而8月16日举行的赛马节则被称为Palio dell'Assunta，以纪念圣母玛丽亚的升天。

在田野广场进行比赛的画面
比赛当天，从世界各地慕名而来的观众挤满了田野广场.
比赛开始前贩售的各街区旗帜

有时候如果有特殊的事件，例如:地方周年纪念或国家型纪念活动时，被认为是与活动密切相关的城市可能会决定在5月至9月之间举办一个非凡的赛马节。而最近一次的特殊活动举办在2000年，以庆祝新世纪的到来。

在比赛前夕举办的Corteo Storico（英语：Corteo Storico）是一个盛大的游行（英语：Medieval pageant），他吸引了来自世界各地的游客和观众。

比赛时，骑师骑坐无鞍垫的马，在田野广场进行比赛，广场上铺了一层厚厚的泥土。比赛需要跑广场的三圈，通常赛程不超过90秒。而因为在广场上常有危险的弯道，所以经常可以看到骑手被甩出赛道，但是，无鞍垫的马在没有他们的骑手的情况下，独自完成比赛的情况并不罕见。

历史

起源

中世纪起，锡耶纳在城镇中心的广场进行各种竞赛。如多人拳击（pugna）、马术、斗牛（16世纪起）等多人竞赛。 14世纪起，城市开始有分区参赛的惯例，这类在锡耶纳境内举行的大型竞赛开始有palii alla lunga的名称。比赛之盛大，往往扩及整个城市。

1590年托斯卡尼大公立法禁止斗牛赛，因此各分区改在田野广场举行其他非斗牛的竞赛。一开始是水牛赛（bufalate），后来改为赛驴（asinate）, 此时其他地方已开始有赛马活动出现。1633年始开始有我们现在看到的赛马（意大利文称palio alla tonda，有别于早期的palii alla lunga）。[1]

八月赛马节

一开始，每年只在七月二号举行一次赛马。1701年起，第二场赛马节才偶尔在8月16号举行。由于8月16号恰逢圣母升天节，因此第二场赛马节常常被自动归类为圣母升天节的庆典之一。而之所以会订在8月16日是因为8月14和15号已经被广泛认定为圣安东尼日（意大利语：Processione dei Ceri）。

八月赛马节一开始仅作为七月赛马节的延伸。八月赛马节通常由七月胜利的分区出资举行（若该区负担得起）。1802年后，八月赛马节改由整个城市出资举行，不再由分区独力承担，八月赛马节正式成为年年都有的节日。

第一场八月赛马节举办于1581年8月15日。[citation needed]

法令限制

1792年，来自慕尼黑的执政者巴伐利亚的薇奥兰特首次替锡耶纳的17个分区订定了正式的划分界线；同时还整并了部分分区，将整个锡耶纳的分区数缩减为17个。鉴于往年竞赛中发生的意外，法令于同年规定最多十个分区参赛。

十七个分区

主条目：锡耶纳分区

这十七个分别为:


每一场比赛中, 十七分区中只有十个分区参与：去年未参赛的七个分区，其余三队则为抽签决定。[3]

现今的比赛

第一场比赛于7月2日举行，既是圣母访亲盛宴，也是当地节日普罗旺斯诺麦当娜的日期。第二场比赛是8月16日举行的，是圣母盛宴之后的第二场比赛。在特殊事件（例如，阿波罗11号登陆）和重要纪念日（例如意大利统一百周年）之后，西南社区可能决定在5月至9月期间举行第三次比赛。最近一次是在千禧年（公元2000年）。

比赛仅有十个队伍，所以并非所有分区皆能上场比赛。去年未参赛的七个分区将优先进入比赛名单，再用抽签决定其余三队。（每年有两次，分别于五月底及七月初）。 在预备赛结束一年后，私人业主（其中包括一些骑师）为意大利其他赛马节提供马厩以供挑选并聘请兽医为马匹检查身体状况，于比赛前三天决定十个规模相等的马厩，并以彩票决定哪一批马代表其分区出赛。将会举办六场预备赛用以选择马匹，第一场将于傍晚举行，最后一场则结束于赛马节开始前的早晨。比赛期间经常生贿赂的情形，促使各分区的选手走会密切注意对手的一举一动。仅允许杂种马上场比赛，不能使用纯种马。[4]

 
The carroccio（英语：carroccio） of Siena during the Corteo Storico（英语：Corteo Storico） procession preceding the Palio of August 2006

The race is preceded by a spectacular pageant, the Corteo Storico（英语：Corteo Storico）, which includes (among many others) Alfieri, flag wavers, in medieval costumes. Just before the pageant, a squad of carabinieri on horseback, wielding swords, demonstrate a mounted charge（英语：charge (warfare)） around the track. They take one lap at a walk, in formation, and a second at a gallop that foreshadows the excitement of the race to come, before exiting down one of the streets that leads out of Piazza del Campo. Spectators arrive early in the morning, eventually filling the centre of the town square, inside the track, to capacity; the local police seal the entrances once the festivities begin in earnest. Seats ranging from simple bleacher（英语：bleacher）s to elaborate box seats（英语：box (theatre)） may be had for a price, but sell out long before the day of the race.

在比赛之前有个壮观的盛会，古装游行（英语：Corteo Storico），其中包括（在许多其他人中）Alfieri，旗帜挥舞，在中世纪的服装。 就在赛前，卡宾枪骑兵队挥舞著剑，在赛道周围表演冲锋。 他们步行一圈，形成一秒钟，另外一个赛道，预示著比赛的兴奋，然后退出了出自Piazza del Campo的一条街道。 观众清晨到达，最终填补了城市广场的中心，在轨道内，容纳; 一旦庆祝活动开始，当地警方就会密封入口。 从简单的长椅到精心制作的座椅座椅的座位可能有一个价格，但在比赛当天很久才卖出。

七月赛马节的下午七点半及八月赛马节的下午七点，爆炸声响彻整个广场，向成千上万的围观者通报了比赛即将开始。比赛将会绕着田野广场奔跑三圈，the perimeter of which is covered with several inches of dirt and tuff (imported and laid for the occasion at great expense to the city) and the corners of which are protected with padded crash barriers for the occasion. The jockeys ride the horses bareback from the starting line, an area between two ropes. Nine horses, in an order only decided by lot immediately before the race starts, enter the space. The tenth, the rincorsa, waits outside. When the rincorsa finally enters the space between the ropes the starter (mossiere) activates a mechanism that instantly drops the canapo (the front rope). This process (the mossa) can take a very long time, as deals have usually been made between various contrade and jockeys that affect when the rincorsa moves - he may be waiting for a particular other horse to be well- or badly-placed, for example.

 
View of the Piazza del Campo, where the Palio is run

在危险的，陡峭的斜坡轨道上，骑士被允许使用他们的鞭子（意大利语， nerbi，拉伸的，干公牛皮）不仅为自己的马，而且为了扰乱其他马和骑士。事实上，是由代表他的对手的马赢得的，而不是骑师。 获胜者是穿过终点线的第一匹马 - 一匹马可以没有骑手赢得胜利（一种被称为cavallo scosso的条件）。 一匹马也可以没有它的装饰头饰（spennacchiera），虽然相反的信念也被广泛地持有，甚至在塞内加尔人之间。 比赛中的失败者被认为是马匹是第二，而不是最后的对手。

已隐藏部分未翻译内容，欢迎参与翻译。

The winner is awarded a banner of painted silk, or palio, which is hand-painted by a different artist for each race. The enthusiasm after the victory, however, is so extreme that the ceremony of attribution of the palio is quite instantaneous, being the first moment of a months-long celebration for the winning ward. There are occasional outbreaks of violence between partisans of rival contrade.

There may be some danger to spectators from the sheer number of people in attendance. There have also been complaints about mistreatment of horses, injuries and even deaths, especially from animal-rights associations and even from some veterinarians. In the Palio held on 16 August 2004, the horse for the contrada of Bruco (the Caterpillar) fell and was badly trampled, as the race was not stopped despite possible additional safety risks for other horses. The horse died of its injuries, raising further complaints from animal-rights organizations.

The Palio differs from "normal" horse races in that part of the game is for the wards to prevent rival contrade from winning. When a contrada fails to win, its historical enemy will celebrate that fact nearly as merrily as a victory of its own, regardless of whether adversarial interference was a deciding factor. Few things are forbidden to the jockeys during the race; for instance, they can pull or shove their fellows, hit the horses and each other, or try to hamper other horses at the start.

The most successful ward is Oca, the Goose, which has won 63 races (at least according to their records, which start from 1644), followed by Chiocciola, the Snail, with 51, and Tartuca, the Tortoise, with 46. Oca is also the contrada with the most wins in recent history (from 1900 to 2010) with 21 victories, followed by Selva, the Forest, with 18, and Drago, the Dragon, with 17.

Among jockeys, the most victorious of all time is Andrea Degortes（英语：Andrea Degortes）, nicknamed Aceto ('Vinegar'), with 14 wins (from 1964 to 1996). Angelo Meloni, nicknamed Picino (active from 1897 to 1933) has the second in the number of wins with 13 successes, and Luigi Bruschelli, nicknamed Trecciolino（英语：Luigi Bruschelli） (still active), has the third most of 12 wins (although he claims 13 victories, his horse won without him one year).

The most successful horses were Folco and Panezio with eight wins each, followed by Topolone with seven.

In recent history (from 1900 to the present), only three wards have ever succeeded in winning both the July and the August races in a single year (the term in Italian is fare cappotto). Tartuca (the Tortoise) accomplished the feat in 1933, while Giraffa (the Giraffe) won both races in 1997, with jockey Giuseppe Pes, nicknamed Il Pesse. In 2016, jockey Jonatan Bartoletti, on the mount "Preziosa Penelope", won both the July and August races for Lupa (the She-wolf).[5]

Ritual and rivalry

The Palio di Siena is more than a simple horse race. It is the culmination of ongoing rivalry and competition between the contrade. The lead-up and the day of the race are invested with passion and pride. Formal and informal rituals take place as the day proceeds, with each contrada navigating a strategy of horsemanship, alliances and animosities. There are the final clandestine meetings among the heads of the contrade and then between them and the jockeys.[6] There is the two-hour pageant of the Corteo Storico, and then all this is crowned by the race, which takes only about 75 seconds to complete. Although there is great public spectacle, the passions displayed are still very real.

The contrada that has been the longest without a victory is nicknamed nonna ('grandmother'). Civetta (the Owlet) had the title from 1979 until 2009, when it won 16 August race. Torre (the Tower) had this title for being without victory for 44 years (from 1961 to 2005), and Bruco (the Caterpillar) held the title for not winning over 41 years (from 1955 to 1996). Last nonna was Lupa (the She-Wolf), which has not had a victory since 2 July 1989, a period of 34—35 years, until July 2016, when it finally won, leaving now the nonna title to Aquila (the Eagle).

Palio (Drappellone)

 
The drappellone banner of the Palio of 16 August 2009, painted by Giuliano Ghelli

The drappellone ("banner"), or palio, known affectionately as "the rag" in Siena, is the trophy that is to be delivered to the contrada that wins the Palio.

The palio is an elongated rectangular piece of silk, hand-painted by an artist for the occasion. It is held vertically on a black-and-white shaft halberd and topped by a silver plate, with two white and black plumes draped down the sides.

The palio, along with the plumes, remains the property of the contrada. The plate is returned to the city of Siena before the two Palii of the following year, after the date and the name of the victorious contrada are inscribed on its back. There is one silver platter for the Palio in July and another for the August Palio. The plates are replaced approximately every ten years.

The value of the banner is unique, because it represents a particular historical period of the city of Siena. The palii often reflect the symbols of the various governments that have presided at various times, including the crest of the grand duchy of Lorraine, the crest of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany, the crest of the Kingdom of Savoy of Italy, symbols from Fascist Italy, and most recently, imagery of the Republic.

The process that an artist should follow in designing the palio is rigid: it must follow a precise iconography that includes some sacred symbols, as the July Palio is dedicated to the Madonna of Provenzano, and that of August to the Madonna of the Assumption. It must present the insignia of the city, those of the third part of the city,[7] and the symbols or colors of the ten contrade participating in the race. There are, however, no limits regarding the style of the art. The palio is first presented at a press conference in the courtyard of the Podestà of the City Hall about a week before the race.

The Palio runs throughout the year

 
A typical image of the four-day party: groups of Contrada della Torre (Tower) on stage singing

Although many activities take place within each contrada, the organization of the Palio is still the largest, since it is not just in two races each year. Each time, the festival itself runs for four days of events, the preparation for which lasts all year.

Beginning in early winter, the contrada leaders talk and develop strategies, making contacts with the jockeys and horse owners. These leaders prepare those who will race in the Piazza del Campo or take part in minor Palios elsewhere in nearby towns (la cosiddetta provincia) and bring them to training courses organized by the city in the spring.

The full activities of the Palio start to grow in momentum towards the end of May, with the drawing of lots of the three remaining contrade that will join the seven that have won the right to race. With districts and teams outlined, contrade begin to talk about "deals" (engagement of jockeys) and "parties" (secret pacts for the win), despite not knowing which horse they will draw in the lot.

About a week before the race, the palio (drappellone) itself is presented to the city, which has commissioned a local artist (in the case of the Palio of July) or internationally recognized artist (in the case of the Palio of August or a special Palio) to create the prize. Also at this time, visits occur to the horses which will be presented for the lottery.

In the first of the four days of the festival, the lottery is held to select which barbero (the term for "racehorse" in the city of Siena and Tuscany) will go to which contrada. The stone race track around the square is covered with a layer of dirt composed of a mixture of tuff, clay and sand. Six trials are run, during which the riders have the opportunity to familiarize themselves with their horse and with the track itself, its sounds and rhythms of the race. Although the trials are attended by many tourists and contrada members in square, barriers are mounted on the outside of the track.

Among the events that mark the approach of the Palio are the rehearsal dinner, the "mass" of the jockeys and the blessing of the horse and jockey.

Extraordinary Palios

An extraordinary Palio is a third Palio which may take place during the period between May and September and is associated with events or anniversaries of major importance for the community of Siena. The last extraordinary Palio coincided with the advent of the new millennium. It was actually held on 9 September 2000 and was won by Selva (Forest), by jockey Giuseppe Pes riding on the horse Urban II. Prior to this, the last extraordinary Palio was held on 13 September 1986 to celebrate the centenary of the abolition of the Balia and Biccherna governments.

In earlier times, the third Palio was a way to honor distinguished guests passing through or visiting Siena. Examples are the extraordinary Palio of 7 June 1676, during the visit to Siena of the wife of Prince Don Agostino Chigi, and that of 15 June 1673 (not considered official), honouring the visit to Siena of Cardinal Flavio Chigi（英语：Flavio Chigi (1631-1693)）. Even the Grand Duke of Tuscany requested another round of Palio, perhaps closer to the ordinary.

From the second half of the 19th century, extraordinary Palios began to be organized for celebration of special events, rather than illustrious visits. This was the case of a meeting of the Society of Sciences or the inauguration of important monuments (such as the inauguration of the monument to the fallen in the Battle of Curtatone and Montanara, on 29 May 1893). In 1896, they even ran four Palios, both ordinary and two extraordinary. The first extraordinary race was on 16 August, which is considered extraordinary because it was requested by the citizens as the original race was moved to 25 August due to transfer from Siena's VIII Corps, and the second was on 23 September for the inauguration of the monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi.

A third Palio, the "Palio of Peace", was held in 1945 by popular acclaim to celebrate the end of World War II and was won by Gioacchino Calabro riding Rubacuori su Folco, for the contrada of Drago (Dragon). An extraordinary Palio was held in 1969 to commemorate the conquest of the moon by the Apollo 11 mission.

The following years created the habit of running on the occasion of a centenary of particular importance. This is the case for 28 May 1950, the fifth centenary of the canonization of St. Bernardine of Siena, and 5 June 1961, the centenary of the Unification of Italy.

各分区获胜统计

分区 获胜总数 十七世纪 十八世纪 十九世纪 二十世纪 二十一世纪 近期获胜的日期
  鹰区 24 0 7 6 11 0 1992年7月3日
  毛毛虫区 37 6 7 16 5 3 2008年8月16日
  蜗牛区 51 4 19 14 14 0 1999年8月16日
  猫头鹰区 33 2 7 15 8 2 2014年8月16日
  龙区 37 2 8 10 15 2 2014年7月2日
  长颈鹿区 35 3 5 9 15 2 2011年8月16日
  豪猪区 41 4 11 14 10 2 2008年7月2日
  独角兽区 30 3 3 11 11 2 2007年8月16日
  母狼区 36 1 11 11 11 2 2016年8月16日
  贝壳区 42 5 10 12 15 0 1998年8月16日
  鹅区 65 8 14 20 20 3 2013年7月2日
  波浪区 39½ 4 9½ 14 11 2 2013年8月16日
  豹区 26 3 6 7 9 1 2006年7月2日
  森林区 38 2 11 6 15 4 2015年8月17日
  龟区 47½ 4 11½ 16 12 4 2010年8月16日
  塔区 45 6 12 20 5 2 2015年7月2日
  绵羊谷区 44 2 16 10 15 1 2012年8月16日
总计 661 59 167 211 202 32 [8]

马匹安全之争议

几年来，锡耶纳赛马节一直是动物权益组织抗议活动的焦点，其中包括反活体解剖联盟（英语：American Anti-Vivisection Society）。主要原因是比赛造成的跌倒经常导致了马的死亡。

这些担忧导致了意大利旅游部部长在2011年阻止锡耶纳赛马节被提名为联合国教科文组织 非物质文化遗产名录。[9]

根据反活体解剖联盟（英语：American Anti-Vivisection Society）统计，1970至2007年共有48匹马因锡耶纳赛马节而死亡，[10] 然而，赛马节的支持者指出，因锡耶纳赛马节而死亡的马匹死亡数量仅有交通事故死亡的2.05%。[11] 自90年代以来，制定和执行了许多关于动物保护的规定，赛马节的支持者强调自那时以来，马匹受伤情形已经大大减少。

近几十年来，锡耶纳市采取了一系列措施，确保马匹（和骑手）在比赛进行期间的安危，但这些措施仍然被一些动物福利团体判断不足，他们继续要求废除比赛，所采取的措施包括：

  • 由市议会任命的由两名外科医生强制进行健康检查[12]。
  • 于1999年5月引入化学血清分析技术，以确保无使用兴奋剂和抑制剂和局部麻醉剂管理物质[13]。
已隐藏部分未翻译内容，欢迎参与翻译。
  • Approval in 1999 the "Protocol for the provision of incentives for the maintenance of the Palio horse" and the establishment of the register of horses trained to run. A register of farmers was introduced in 2004, instead of half blood Arabian horses (deemed physically fit to travel) and a register of barriers[14]
  • Building a track in the town of Mociano, identical in shape and slope to the Piazza del Campo. From March to June, in addition to Monticiano and Monteroni d'Arbia, the horses intended for the Palio train here.[15]
  • Protections (formerly known as materassoni) present the curve of St. Martin in June 1999 set up a barrier of protection to high absorption in PVC, raising the parapet of the House and the curve of shirts introduction of safety for the emergency personnel of 118,[15]
  • Intervention on the composition, method of implementation and monitoring of the layer of tuff[15]
  • Care of horses that no longer run the Palio (due to age or injury) at the Equestrian Center of State Forestry, "The Caggio", in the town of Radicondoli.[16]
  • Alcohol test for jockeys[17] by order of the Secretary of Health Francesca Martini（英语：Francesca Martini）.[18]

图库

相关电影

能在以下的电影看见有关锡耶纳赛马节的内容：

参考资料

  1. ^ The Palio Horse Race - All the victories at the Palio di Siena from 1633 to 1691. Ilpalio.org. [15 September 2016]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-20）. 
  2. ^ The contrada of Valdimontone, although its colors are yellow, red and white, has a habit of taking the prize for the jockey jacket with yellow and pink. This custom, reported since the 18th century, was formalized in 1833, to avoid confusion with contrada of Chiocciola, whose colors (yellow, red and blue) are almost identical.
  3. ^ Archivio del Palio di Siena. Il Palio.Siena .it. [19 June 2012]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-23）. 
  4. ^ The Palio Horse Race - Commonly Asked Questions Regarding The Horses. Ilpalio.org. [19 June 2012]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-12）. 
  5. ^ 存档副本. [2017-04-22]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-31）. 
  6. ^ 75 seconds to Victory. [21 September 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-17）. 
  7. ^ Terzi (Siena)
  8. ^ Palio di Siena - vittorie. Ilpalio.org. [19 June 2012]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-28）. 
  9. ^ 存档副本. [2017-04-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-27）. 
  10. ^ Il palio di Siena （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） dossier della Lega Anti Vivisezione
  11. ^ Sergio Profeti, Le vere cifre degli infortuni sul tufo, Ed.Sunto, 2004 (PDF). [19 June 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-03-12）. 
  12. ^ cf. Regulation of the Palio (Chapter IV – The submission, selection and award lots of horses) Article 37: The horses to be presented must, in the days immediately preceding the question on the written request of owners, undergo a visit by a Veterinary Commission, which must express opinion on health at the races in "Campo".
  13. ^ cf. Regulation of the Palio (Cap.V, testing and racing jockeys) .57 Article: It is prohibited to administer their peers in any way, intoxicating, practice clutches of any kind, or apply "Perette.
  14. ^ This project aims to achieve: the accreditation of the owners, after verification of appropriate conditions, the selection of horses with common features of the biometric considered optimal for the commitment to be addressed; training of subjects in competitions and training courses to order to optimize the preparation and adaptability to the location of the Palio, the implementation of a system of economic incentives for owners to address the purchase and breeding of horses with shared characteristics, the constant monitoring of animals by veterinarians being the Regulatory Commission Technical Hall. See also Rendiconto Giunta Cenni 2001-2006[失效链接], pag.275
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 cfr. Board of Work Statement, cit.
  16. ^ Campioni al pascolo, di Gianni Perotti （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – Famiglia Cristiana（英语：Famiglia Cristiana） page 33 14 August 2005 questo reportage Archive.is的存档，存档日期2005-01-20 The Breeding Center of wilderness.
  17. ^ Palio di Siena, alcol-test per i fantini. Style.it. [19 June 2012]. （原始内容存档于2012年7月22日）. 
  18. ^ ORDINANZA del 21 luglio 2009. Normativasanitaria.it. [19 June 2012]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-12）. 

参考文献

  • Brown, Margaret Mcdonough and Titus Buckhardt (1960). Siena, the City of the Virgin. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Drechsler, Wolfgang（英语：Wolfgang Drechsler） (2006). "The Contrade, the Palio and the Ben Comune: Lessons from Siena", Trames 10(2), 99-125.[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Dundes, Alan and Alessandro Falassi (2005). La Terra in Piazza. An Interpretation of the Palio of Siena. 2 the new edn. (Orig. 1972). Siena: Nuova Immagine. (Standard work, but meanwhile very controversial because of its Freudian interpretation.)
  • Falassi, Alessandro (1985). "Palio Pageant: Siena's Everlasting Republic", The Drama Review 29(3), 82-92.
  • Handelman, Don (1998). Models and Mirrors: Towards an Anthropology of Public Events. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Silverman, Sydel (1979). "On the Use of History in Anthropology: The Palio of Siena", American Ethnologist 6(3), 413-436. (Most important counter-model to Dundes & Falassi.)
  • Pascal, C. Bennett (1981). "October Horse", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 85, 261-291.
  • Spicer, Dorothy Gladys (1958). Festivals of Western Europe. Wilson.
  • 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, "Siena".
  • Il Palio di Siena website - English Summary.

参见

外部链接

43°19′06″N 11°19′53″E / 43.31833°N 11.33139°E / 43.31833; 11.33139

Template:Siena landmarks

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