剛毛豬籠草
剛毛豬籠草（學名：Nepenthes hirsuta）是婆羅洲特有的熱帶食蟲植物。[2]其最大的特點就是披被著厚厚一層棕色的毛被，而其他豬籠草多只在花序上具毛被。捕蟲籠多為全綠色，內表面具一些紅色的斑點。[3]其種加詞「hirsuta」來源於拉丁文「hirsūtus」，意為「多毛的，剛毛的」。[4]
剛毛豬籠草
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| 產自婆羅洲巴哥國家公園的剛毛豬籠草的上位籠 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
| 演化支： | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
| 演化支： | 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots |
| 目： | 石竹目 Caryophyllales |
| 科： | 豬籠草科 Nepenthaceae |
| 屬： | 豬籠草屬 Nepenthes |
| 種： | 剛毛豬籠草 N. hirsuta
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| 二名法 | |
| Nepenthes hirsuta | |
| 異名 | |
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剛毛豬籠草生長於海拔200米至1100米處。[5]其分布廣泛於荒原森林、覆滿苔蘚的低地山地森林、開闊地和山脊下部的灌木叢。其通常生長在砂質土壤上。[4]
相關物種
剛毛豬籠草與粗毛豬籠草（N. hispida）和大型平庸豬籠草（N. macrovulgaris）之間存在著密切的近緣關係。植物學家馬修·傑布和馬丁·奇克還認為剛毛豬籠草與菲律賓巴拉望特有的菲律賓豬籠草（N. philippinensis）之間存在著密切的近緣關係。[6][7]
| 大型平庸豬籠草、剛毛豬籠草和粗毛豬籠草之間形態特徵的差別（Steiner, 2002 after Clarke, 1997） | ||||
| 形態特徵 | 大型平庸豬籠草 | 剛毛豬籠草 | 粗毛豬籠草 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 葉片 | 不長於30公分，橢圓形至線形 | 革質，不長於20公分，管狀－匙形或倒卵形 | 革質，不長於28公分，倒披針形至長圓形 | |
| 葉尖 | 急尖至鈍尖 | 急尖或渾圓 | 漸尖至鈍尖，常不等 | |
| 葉基 | 漸縮成帶翼的葉柄，基部的葉柄翼更寬大，約包住莖周長的二分之一，不下延 | 減縮，橫向平展，約包住莖周長的二分之一 | 減縮，約包住莖周長的二分之一，常下延 | |
| 縱脈 | 中脈兩側各2至3條 | 不明顯 | 中脈兩側各3條 | |
| 毛被 | 成熟的捕蟲籠和莖無毛被，發育中的捕蟲籠有少量的短毛 | 莖覆蓋著褐色的長毛，但不呈類似粗毛豬籠草的鬃毛狀 | 莖覆蓋著濃密的鬃毛狀紫灰色毛被 | |
種下類群
- Nepenthes hirsuta var. glabrata Macf. (1908)[9]
- Nepenthes hirsuta var. glabrescens W.G.Sm. (1882)[10][=N. distillatoria]
- Nepenthes hirsuta var. glabrescens rubra auct. non Hort. ex Rafarin: Nichols. (1892) [=N. distillatoria]
- Nepenthes hirsuta var. typica Macf. (1908) nom.illeg.
自然雜交種
- N. albomarginata × N. hirsuta[4]
- N. ampullaria × N. hirsuta[4]
- ? N. hirsuta × N. lowii[5][11]
參考文獻
- ^ （拉丁文） Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.
- ^ 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 75. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
- ^ Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 1999. Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines. Kew Bulletin 54(4): 887–895. doi:10.2307/4111166
- ^ Schlauer, J. 2000. Literature Reviews.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 29(2): 53.
- ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes hirsuta （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
- ^ Smith, W.G. 1882. New garden plants. Nepenthes hirsuta var. glabrescens. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(430): 398–399.
- ^ Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
- Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
- Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
- Bourke, G. 2010. The climbing pitcher plants of the Kelabit highlands.PDF Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7.
- Bourke, G. 2010. Plant profile: Nepenthes hirsuta Kuching Spotted.PDF Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(3): 10.
- Bourke, G. 2011. The Nepenthes of Mulu National Park. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 20–31.
- Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes.（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
- Clarke et al. Nepenthes hirsuta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [10 May 2006].
- Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
- Damayanti, F., M. Mansur & I. Roostika 2011. Diversity of Nepenthes spp. in West Kalimantan. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 3(13): 705–708.
- Lee, C.C. 2000. Recent Nepenthes Discoveries（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
- Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes species of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak, Borneo.PDF Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Hiroshima University, Tokyo: 25–30.
- Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes species of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak, Borneo（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. [video] The 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Tokyo, Japan. (video by Irmgard & Siegfried R. H. Hartmeyer)
- （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
- （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. [Diversity of lowland Nepenthes (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.] Berita Biologi 8(5): 335–341. Abstract
- Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(3): 271–276.
- McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
- （德文） Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
- Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
- Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
- Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
- Russell, C. & E. Ossian 1990. Opportunistic feeding involving the pitcher plants Nepenthes hirsuta, Nepenthes gracilis and the epiphytic orchid Schomburgkia tibicinis, or natural ant eradication, the rube goldberg method. The Orchid Digest 54(4): 182–184.
- Steiner, H. 2002. Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants. Toihaan Publishing Company, Kota Kinabalu. viii + 136 pp.
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