北冰洋會議
首屆北冰洋會議於2008年5月27日至29日在格陵蘭的伊盧利薩特召開。加拿大、丹麥、挪威、俄羅斯和美國五國在會議上針對與北冰洋相關的關鍵問題展開討論。[1] 此次會議因為其有關環境法規、海上安全、礦產勘查、極地石油監督及海上運輸的計劃而意義重大。[2]會議結束時與會各國發表了伊盧利薩特聯合聲明。[3]
此次會議是第一次由該地區五方力量參與的部長級會議。[4] 該會議是在2007年發生了數次針對北極的領土要求事件之後，應丹麥外交大臣佩爾·斯蒂·默勒和格陵蘭總理漢斯·埃諾克森之邀召開的。默勒說：「我們必須履行我們在北冰洋地區的義務，直到聯合國決定誰將擁有這片海域及該地區的資源。我們必須就相關規則以及氣候變化使北冰洋能進行更多航運之後該做些什麼達成一致。[5]我們需要向各自的國民和世界其他國家發出一個共同的政治信號，那就是環北冰洋五國會以負責任的態度應對機會及挑戰。」[6]
伊盧利薩特的冰層融化是此次里程碑似的會議的一個恰當的背景[7]。 出席此次部長級會議的各方為:
爭議
此次會議列入北極理事會的一些成員, 而排除其他成員(土著人, 芬蘭, 冰島, 及瑞典) 的做法引起了爭議。
在為丹麥決定排除一些北極理事會成員辯解時，丹麥外交部國際法專家托馬斯·溫克勒說，「在伊盧利薩特召開的此次會議不是對北極理事會的一次競爭。 我們要討論的問題將是強調環北冰洋五國的責任。」[11]
格陵蘭政治家、因紐特人北極圈理事會前主席阿克盧克·林格關切的是北極圈內的土著人正在被「邊緣化」。他說：「因紐特人對主權有著自己的定義。" [12]
參考註釋
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Office
- ^ Boswell, Randy. Conference could mark start of Arctic power struggle. canada.com. 2008-05-28 [2008-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-04）.
- ^ Embassy
- ^ The Citizen. Summit seeks accord on Arctic sovereignty. citizen.co.za. 2008-05-28 [2008-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2009-09-11）.
- ^ RIGZONE
- ^ RIA Novosti. Russia's Lavrov to attend Arctic conference in Greenland. rian.ru. 2008-05-28 [2008-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-08）.
- ^ Boswell, Randy. NORTH - Melting glacier looming over Arctic Ocean summit; UN World Heritage Site playing host to meeting over vaunted oil riches. University of Alberta. 2008-05-28 [2008-06-06].[永久失效連結]
- ^ Lawrence (Harper received criticism in his country for not sending a ministry-level delegate.)
- ^ Norden
- ^ 772-29-05-2008
- ^ Sikunews
- ^ Somby
參考文獻
- Arctic Counsel. Conference on the Arctic Ocean: The Danish Foreign Minister wants unity about the future of the Arctic Ocean. Outrageous attempts to make demands on the Arctic Ocean region should be a thing of the past. arctic-council.org. 2008-05-26 [2008-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2008-08-20）.
- Boswell, Randy. Danes remind Canada Hans Island is part of Denmark on eve of meeting. canada.com. 2008-05-28 [2008-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2008-05-29）.
- Embassy of Denmark, Ottawa. THE ILULISSAT DECLARATION, ARCTIC OCEAN CONFERENCE. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. 2008-05-28 [2008-06-06].[失效連結]
- Lawrence, Daina. Harper government under fire. princegeorgecitizen.com. 2008-06-04 [2008-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-13）.
- Norden. Arctic Summit in Greenland: Denmark, Greenland, Norway, Russia, Canada and the USA are holding a summit in Ilulissat, Greenland at the moment to discuss how best to resolve disagreements about rights to oil, etc. until the UN clarifies who actually owns what in the enormous Arctic Region. A UN pronouncement is not expected until 2020.. norden.org. [2008-06-06].[永久失效連結]
- Office of the Spokesman. United States Participation in Arctic Ocean Conference. U.S. Department of State. 2008-05-21 [2008-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2008-06-11）.
- Rigzone. Denmark to Hold Arctic Ocean Conference for Foreign Governments. rigzone.com. 2008-05-27 [2008-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-07）.
- Sikunews. Finland, Sweden, Iceland left out: Denmark stands by its decision to invite only five of the eight Arctic nations to an international meeting next week in Ilulissat, Greenland.. sikunews.com. 2008-05-21 [2008-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-13）.
- Somby, Liv Inger. GREENLAND: Arctic Powers Duel for Energy Wealth. galdu.org. 2008-05-29 [2008-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2011-07-20）.
- 772-29-05-2008. PRESS RELEASE: Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov Attends the Arctic Ocean Conference, Ilulissat. mid.ru. 2008-05-28 [2008-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-14）.