古加拉特語
语言
古加拉特語（ગુજરાતી，拉丁化：Gujarātī）屬於印歐語系印度-伊朗語族的印度-雅利安語支，為印度22種官方語言與14種地區性語言之一，同時也是巴基斯坦少數民族語言。全球有大約4600萬人講這種語言，為世界上第23大語言。從使用的人群主要分布來看，印度4550萬，烏干達15萬，巴基斯坦10萬，肯亞5萬。
| 古加拉特語 | |
|---|---|
| ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī | |
| 發音 | /gudʒ.(ə)'ɾat̪i/ |
| 區域 |  印度 巴基斯坦 南非 烏干達 坦尚尼亞 肯亞 美國 英國 澳洲 紐西蘭 斐濟 加拿大 尚比亞 辛巴威 |
母語使用人數 | 4.61千萬[1] |
| 語系 | |
| 文字 | 古加拉特文 |
| 官方地位 | |
| 作為官方語言 | 印度古加拉特邦[1][2] |
| 語言代碼 | |
| ISO 639-1 | gu |
| ISO 639-2 | guj |
| ISO 639-3 | guj |
| Glottolog | guja1252[3] |
| 語言瞭望站 | 59-AAF-h |
 古加拉特語為母語在印度的分布 | |
古加拉特語為印度古加拉特邦、聯邦屬地達德拉-納加爾哈維利和達曼-第烏的主要語言，同時也是孟買古加拉特人社區的語言，在北美和英國有眾多講古加拉特語的居民。古加拉特語也是印度國父聖雄甘地、巴基斯坦國父穆罕默德·阿里·真納和沙達·瓦拉漢·佩帖爾（被譽為鐵人的印度首位內政大臣）的第一語言。
音系
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文法
古加拉特語是一種頭-終結或左-分支語言。形容詞前導名詞，直接賓語先於動詞，並且它有後置詞。古加拉特語的語序是SOV，並且它有三個性和兩個數。沒有定冠詞或不定冠詞。動詞表達為它的動詞詞根跟上標記文法體和呼應的後綴，以此叫做主形式，帶有從 to be 派生的可能的前導輔助形式，標記時態和語氣，並也展示呼應。使役式(直到雙重)和被動式有著構詞基礎。[4]
參考資料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Gordon 2005
- ^ Dwyer 1995，第5頁
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Gujarati. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Mistry 2001，第276-277頁
參考文獻
字典
- Belsare, M.B. (1904) An etymological Gujarati-English Dictionary.
- Deshpande, P.G. (1974) Gujarati-English Dictionary. Ahmadabad: University Granth Nirman Board.
- Deshpande, P.G. (1982) Modern English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
- Deshpande, P.G. & Parnwell, E.C. (1977) Oxford Picture Dictionary. English-Gujarati. Oxford University Press.
- Deshpande, P.G. (1988) Universal English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
- Mehta, B.N. & Mehta, B.B. (1925) The Modern Gujarati-English Dictionary.
- Platts, J.T., A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co, 1884 [2016-05-01], （原始內容存檔於2011-10-16）.
- Suthar, B. (2003) Gujarati-English Learner's Dictionary (1 Mb)（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Turner, Ralph Lilley, A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, 1966 [2016-05-01], （原始內容存檔於2021-01-25）.
語法
- Cardona, George, A Gujarati Reference Grammar, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1965.
- Taylor, G.P., The Student's Gujarati Grammar, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1908.
- Tisdall, W.S., A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language, 1892.
課程
- Dave, Jagdish, Colloquial Gujarati 2004, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0-415-09196-9.
- Gujarati Literary Academy UK, Text Books 1 to 5 1985, Navabharat Sahitya Mandir Mumbai, 1985.
- Dwyer, Rachel, Teach Yourself Gujarati, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1995 [2016-05-01], （原始內容存檔於2008-01-02）.
- Lambert, H.M., Gujarati Language Course, Cambridge University Press, 1971.
語音
- Dave, T.N., Notes on Gujarati Phonology, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 1931, 6 (3): 673–678, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00093174.
- Firth, J.R., Phonetic Observations on Gujarati, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1957, 20 (1): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00061802.
- Mistry, P.J., Gujarati Phonology, Kaye, A.S. (編), Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1997.
- Pandit, P.B., Historical Phonology of Gujarati Vowels, Language, 1961, 37 (1): 54–66, doi:10.2307/411249.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley, Gujarati Phonology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1921: 505–544.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley, Indo-Aryan Nasals in Gujarati, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1915: 1033–1038.
概論
- Cardona, George; Suthar, Babu, Gujarati, Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (編), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, 2003 [2016-05-01], ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5, （原始內容存檔於2020-12-22）.
- Dalby, Andrew, Gujarati, Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-231-11568-7.
- Mistry, P.J., Gujarati, Frawley, William (編), International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2 2nd, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
- Mistry, P.J., Gujarati, Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (編), An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present, New England Publishing Associates, 2001.
老古加拉特語
- Bender, E. (1992) The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary. American Oriental Society: New Haven, Conn. ISBN 0-940490-73-0
- Brown, W.N., An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1938, 58 (1): 5–29, doi:10.2307/594192.
- Dave, T.N. (1935) A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century. The Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 0-947593-30-6
- Tessitori, L.P. (1914–1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani." Indian Antiquary. 43–45.
其它
- Gajendragadkar, S.N., Parsi Gujarati, Bombay: University of Bombay, 1972.
- Masica, Colin, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 [2016-05-01], ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2, （原始內容存檔於2020-12-22）.
- Mistry, P.J., Gujarati Writing, Daniels; Bright (編), The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, 1996.
外部連結
維基百科提供如下語言版本： Gujarati 維基百科
- Gujarati Online Dictionary & Language Resources （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- UCLA Language Materials Project: Gujarati
- Gujarati Wiktionary
- Bharatiya Bhasha Jyoti: Gujarati —a textbook for learning Gujarati through Hindi from the Central Institute of Indian Languages.
- English to Gujarati Dictionary （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）