小豬籠草

小豬籠草（學名：Nepenthes gracilis）廣布於東南亞低地的熱帶食蟲植物。其種加詞來源於拉丁文「gracilis」，意為「細長的」。小豬籠草存在於馬來西亞、新加坡、印尼蘇門答臘及泰國。該物種的海拔分布範圍也很廣，為海拔0至1100米（少數甚至可達1700米），但其大部分都分布於海拔100米以下的地區，極少數植株存在於海拔1000米以上的地區。儘管其分布非常的廣泛，但關於小豬籠草的自然雜交種卻很少見。

小豬籠草
產自馬來西亞登嘉樓州的小豬籠草，示其捕蟲籠
保護狀況
無危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真雙子葉植物 Eudicots
目：	石竹目 Caryophyllales
科：	豬籠草科 Nepenthaceae
屬：	豬籠草屬 Nepenthes
種：	小豬籠草 N. gracilis
二名法
Nepenthes gracilis Korth. (1839)
異名
同物異名 Nepenthes angustifolia Mast. (1881) Nepenthes distillatoria auct. non L.: Jack (1835) Nepenthes distillatoria auct. non L.: Wall. (1828) [=N. distillatoria/N. gracilis] Nepenthes korthalsiana Miq. (1858) Nepenthes laevis Lindl. (1848) Nepenthes laevis Korth. ex Hook.f. in DC. (1873) Nepenthes longinodis Beck (1895) Nepenthes obrieniana Linden & Rodigas (1890) nom.ambiguum [=?N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana × N. hirsuta ×  N. distillatoria/N. gracilis/N. mirabilis] Nepenthes teysmanniana Miq. (1858) [=N. albomarginata/N. gracilis]

彼得·威廉·科薩爾在1839年發表的專著《關於豬籠草屬》中對小豬籠草進行了正式的描述。

產自菲律賓的源小豬籠草（N. abgracilis）由於與小豬籠草非常相似而得名。

食蟲性

小豬籠草的捕蟲籠相對比較普通，唇非常窄小。但其捕蟲籠籠蓋下表面卻存在著參差不齊的蠟質層，該特徵可能是豬籠草屬內唯一的。該蠟質層與捕蟲籠內表面蠟質區的蠟質層厚度不一且結構也完全不同。，該蠟質層在下暴雨時會增加昆蟲在籠蓋下表面的附著難度，使昆蟲容易受雨滴撞擊而落入捕蟲籠內，從而該蠟質層成為小豬籠草捕獲獵物機制的一部分。科學家透過X光分析小豬籠草，發現籠蓋與植株間有個特別脆弱的點，該點被雨滴擊中時會塌陷，連帶使籠蓋往下彈，讓獵物落入捕蟲籠後以特定方式復原。這是其近親萊佛士豬籠草沒有的機制。

左：粉擬黑多刺蟻（Polyrhachis pruinosa）與小豬籠草的上位籠（B與A），示其捕蟲籠內表面的蠟質區及籠蓋下表面的蠟質層

中：小豬籠草捕蟲籠內表面蠟質區（A與B）與捕蟲籠下表面蠟質層（C與D）的掃描電子顯微鏡照片

右：小豬籠草捕蟲籠內表面蠟質區、捕蟲籠下表面蠟質層及唇在乾燥時、下雨時及潮濕時的捕蟲效率

在實驗條件下小豬籠草的捕蟲試驗

• 螞蟻被模擬的降雨從籠蓋下表面的蠟質區擊落
• 在籠蓋下表面放置一個迴紋針的對照試驗
• 高速攝影展示家蠅（Musca domestica）被雨滴擊落入捕蟲籠的過程（錄影幀頻：428 s⁻¹，播放幀頻10 s⁻¹）

分布範圍

位於西馬來西亞彭亨的小豬籠草原生地

小豬籠草分布廣泛，存在於婆羅洲、西馬來西亞、新加坡、蘇拉威西中部、蘇門答臘及泰國南部。其也存在於許多小型島嶼中，包括邦加島、巴圖群島、勿里洞島望加麗島、蘭塔島、達魯島、納閩島、蘭卡威、孟德爾島、明打威群島（西比路島）、美蘭地群島（巴東島、朗桑島、直名丁宜島）、馬薩拉島、尼亞斯島、檳榔嶼、廖內群島（林加群島、納土納群島、廖內島）、魯帕島。

相關物種

2001年，查爾斯·克拉克對來自蘇門答臘島和西馬來西亞的豬籠草進行了分支系統學分析，共利用了70個形態特徵。以下為豬籠草進化樹的「第6分支」。

	unnamed   小豬籠草     兩眼豬籠草     unnamed     東巴豬籠草        79%   昂嘎桑豬籠草     邁克豬籠草

種下類群

儘管小豬籠草的可變性較小，但其還是存在著大量的種下類群。但大部分命名都不是有效的。

• Nepenthes gracilis f. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Westphal (1993)
• Nepenthes gracilis var. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)
• Nepenthes gracilis var. arenaria Ridl. ex Macf. (1908)
• Nepenthes gracilis var. elongata Bl. (1852)
• Nepenthes gracilis var. longinodis Beck (1895)
• Nepenthes gracilis var. major Hort.Lindsay ex Dixon (1889)
• Nepenthes gracilis var. teysmanniana (Miq.) Beck (1895)

自然雜交種

以下是已發現的關於小豬籠草的自然雜交種。

• N. albomarginata × N. gracilis
• N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=N. × trichocarpa]
• (N. ampullaria × N. gracilis) × N. bicalcarata [=N. × trichocarpa × N. bicalcarata]
• N. bicalcarata × N. gracilis [=N. × cantleyi]
• ? N. eustachya × N. gracilis
• N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?]
• N. gracilis × N. northiana [=N. × bauensis]
• N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana
• N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana
• N. gracilis × N. sumatrana

• 
  白環豬籠草與小豬籠草的自然雜交種
• 
  毛果豬籠草
• 
  坎特利豬籠草
• 
  ？真穗豬籠草與小豬籠草的自然雜交種
• 
  沙禮花－哈薩豬籠草
• 
  石龍門豬籠草
• 
  小豬籠草與萊佛士豬籠草的自然雜交種
• 
  小豬籠草與蘇門答臘豬籠草的自然雜交種

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擴展閱讀

• 食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中小豬籠草的照片 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）。

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：小豬籠草 維基物種上的相關資訊：小豬籠草