尼古丁依賴
尼古丁依賴[1]（菸癮）是一種慢性、復發性疾病。患有此類疾病的患者會非常渴望服用尼古丁，並對尼古丁有害健康的問題視而不見[2]。尼古丁是一種擬交感神經興奮劑[3]，能附著在大腦中的尼古丁乙醯膽鹼受體上[4]。由於長期使用尼古丁，大腦犒賞系統內的神經可塑性發生變化，因而產生尼古丁依賴[1][5][6]世界上大約有9.76億菸民[7]。隨著時間的推移，尼古丁依賴的嚴重程度會隨著一個人持續服用尼古丁而日益加深[8]。
尼古丁依賴是一個嚴峻的公共衛生問題，因為菸草中含有大量尼古丁，而菸民數量龐大。截至2021年，世界上大約有9.76億菸民。此外焦慮症患者也越來越依賴尼古丁。[9]因此尼古丁依賴是造成人類死亡的主要原因之一[10]。
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 D'Souza MS, Markou A. Neuronal mechanisms underlying development of nicotine dependence: implications for novel smoking-cessation treatments. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2011, 6 (1): 4–16. PMC 3188825
. PMID 22003417.D'Souza MS, Markou A (2011). "Neuronal mechanisms underlying development of nicotine dependence: implications for novel smoking-cessation treatments". Addict Sci Clin Pract. 6 (1): 4–16. PMC 3188825. PMID 22003417.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- ^ Falcone, Mary; Lee, Bridgin; Lerman, Caryn; Blendy, Julie A. Translational Research on Nicotine Dependence. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 28. 2015: 121–150. ISBN 978-3-319-33911-5. ISSN 1866-3370. PMC 3579204 . PMID 26873019. doi:10.1007/7854_2015_5005.
- ^ Richard Beebe; Jeff Myers. Professional Paramedic, Volume I: Foundations of Paramedic Care. Cengage Learning. 19 July 2012: 640– [2021-04-16]. ISBN 978-1-133-71465-1. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-18）.
- ^ Bullen, Christopher. Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation. Current Cardiology Reports. 2014, 16 (11): 538 [2021-04-16]. ISSN 1523-3782. PMID 25303892. doi:10.1007/s11886-014-0538-8. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-16）.
- ^ Saccone, NL; Culverhouse, RC; Schwantes-An, TH; Cannon, DS; Chen, X; Cichon, S; Giegling, I; Han, S; Han, Y. Multiple independent loci at chromosome 15q25.1 affect smoking quantity: a meta-analysis and comparison with lung cancer and COPD.. PLOS Genetics. 5 August 2010, 6 (8): e1001053. PMC 2916847 . PMID 20700436. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001053.
- ^ Fiore, MC; Jaen, CR; Baker, TB; et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update (PDF). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service. 2008 [2016-09-02]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-27）.
- ^ Ng, M; Freeman, MK; Fleming, TD; Robinson, M; Dwyer-Lindgren, L; Thomson, B; Wollum, A; Sanman, E; Wulf, S. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012.. JAMA. 8 January 2014, 311 (2): 183–92. PMID 24399557. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284692.
- ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: Nicotine addiction: A report of the Surgeon General (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Office on Smoking and Health. DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 88-8406. 1988 [2021-04-16]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-08-02）.
- ^ Moylan, Steven; Jacka, Felice N; Pasco, Julie A; Berk, Michael. Cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of population-based, epidemiological studies. BMC Medicine. 2012, 10 (1): 123. ISSN 1741-7015. PMC 3523047 . PMID 23083451. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-123.
- ^ Rachid, Fady. Neurostimulation techniques in the treatment of nicotine dependence: A review. The American Journal on Addictions. 2016, 25 (6): 436–451. ISSN 1055-0496. PMID 27442267. doi:10.1111/ajad.12405.
