戈都語支
戈都語支屬於南亞語系，使用者人數約有130萬。保羅·西德維爾在主持分類工作。他注意到南亞/孟高棉語言在地理上越接近，在詞彙上就越接近戈都語和巴拿語。他說這個地理相似性是獨立於語言所屬的語支而存在的。他還說戈都語支和巴拿語支沒有任何共同創新，所以它們是南亞語系下不同的兩支。
| 戈都語支 | |
|---|---|
| 使用族群 | 戈都族 |
| 地理分佈 | 中南半島 |
| 譜系學分類 | 南亞語系
|
| 原始語言 | 原始戈都語 |
| 分支 |
戈都語群
歸–布魯語群(西支)
帕戈語群
達渥–方語群
|
| – | |
| Glottolog | katu1271[1] |
 戈都語支 | |
系屬分類
1966年，一項針對東南亞大陸不同南亞語的詞彙統計分析研究由世界少數民族語文研究院的語言學家David Thomas和Richard Phillips主持進行。這項研究發現了兩支新的南亞語分支，分別是戈都語支和巴拿語支 (Sidwell 2009)。Sidwell (2005)對Diffloth的越-戈都語族假設提出異議，認為證據不明確。戈都語支語言的具體分類支持數據直到1990年代寮國對外國研究者開放邊境後才能獲得。
Sidwell (2005)
戈都語支以下的分類據Sidwell (2005)。另外，Sidwell (2009)分析發現，戈都語群是戈都語支最保守的分支。
Gehrmann (2019)
Gehrmann (2019)[2]給出下列戈都語分類。
- 原始戈都語
《民族語》還列了堅語，但它屬於巴拿語支 (Sidwell 2003)。Lê, et. al (2014:294)[3]給出一個戈都語次分類，稱作「Ba-hi」，分布在越南承天順化省豐田縣山區，但Watson (1996:197)[4]:197-205認為「Pacoh Pahi」是帕戈語一種方言。
歸語和布魯語每一種都有約50萬使用者。達渥語方言連續體使用人數約有20萬。
祖語
原始戈都語及其次級祖語的構擬有：
- Thomas (1967)：《原始東戈都語的音系重構》
- Diffloth (1982)：《音域、消失、音系：戈都語支的歷史》
- Efinov (1983)：《原始戈都語的音系重建問題》
- Peiros (1996)：《戈都語比較詞典》
- Therapahan L-Thongkum (2001)：《寮國南部塞公省的語言和族群》
- Paul Sidwell (2005)：《戈都語支：分類、重構和詞彙比較》
Sidwell (2005)構擬了原始戈都語的輔音系統：
| *p | *t | *c | *k | *ʔ |
| *b | *d | *ɟ | *ɡ | |
| *ɓ | *ɗ | *ʄ | ||
| *m | *n | *ɲ | *ŋ | |
| *w | *l, *r | *j | ||
| *s | *h |
詞彙同言線
保羅·西德維爾 (2015:185-186)[5]給出下列取代了原始南亞語形式的戈都語支詞彙創新。
| 詞義 | 原始戈都語 | 原始南亞語 |
|---|---|---|
| 妻 | *kɗial | *kdɔːr |
| 年 | *kmɔɔ | *cnam |
| 眼鏡蛇 | *duur | *ɟaːt |
| 蘑菇 | *trɨa | *psit |
| 骨 | *ʔŋhaaŋ | *cʔaːŋ |
| 6 | *tbat | *tpraw |
| 8 | *tgɔɔl | *thaːm |
Sidwell (2015:173)列出下列戈都語支和巴拿語支共享的詞彙創新。
| 詞義 | 原始戈都語 | 原始巴拿語 | 注釋 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 樹皮 | *ʔnɗɔh | *kɗuh | |
| 指甲 | *knrias | *krʔniəh | 參考高棉語 kiəh「刻畫」 |
| 皮膚 | *ʔŋkar | *ʔəkaːr | |
| 站起 | *dɨk | *dɨk | 可能借自占語 |
| 樹 | *ʔalɔːŋ | *ʔlɔːŋ | 參考原始克木語 *cʔɔːŋ |
| 弩 | *pnaɲ | *pnaɲ | 參考古孟語 pnaɲ 'army' |
| 號角 | *ʔakiː | *ʔəkɛː | |
| 掌/腳底 | *trpaːŋ | *-paːŋ | |
| 鹽 | *bɔːh | *bɔh | |
| 偷 | *toŋ | *toŋ | |
| 10 | *ɟit | *cit |
另外，Diffloth (1992)[6]列出「毛毛蟲」「骨」「咳嗽」「放屁」「呼吸」和「血」等戈都語支和越語支共享的詞彙創新。越-戈都語的聯繫可參考Alves (2005)。[7]
另見
- 原始戈都語構擬 (維基詞典)
閱讀更多
- Gehrmann, Ryan. 2018. Katuic presyllables and derivational morphology in diachronic perspective （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. In Ring, Hiram & Felix Rau (eds.), Papers from the Seventh International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics, 132-156. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Special Publication No. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawai』i Press.
- Gehrmann, Ryan. 2017. The Historical Phonology of Kriang, A Katuic Language （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 10.1, 114-139.
- Gehrmann, Ryan. 2016. The West Katuic languages: comparative phonology and diagnostic tools （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Chiang Mai: Payap University MA Thesis.
- Gehrmann, Ryan. 2015. Vowel Height and Register Assignment in Katuic （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 8. 56-70.
- Gehrmann, Ryan and Johanna Conver. 2015. Katuic Phonological Features （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Mon-Khmer Studies 44. 55-67.
- Choo, Marcus. 2012. The Status of Katuic （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
- Choo, Marcus. 2010. Katuic Bibliography with Selected Annotations （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
- Choo, Marcus. 2009. Katuic Bibliography （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
- Sidwell, Paul. 2005. The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics 58. Munich: LINCOM Europa. ISBN 3-89586-802-7
- Sidwell, Paul. 2005. Proto-Katuic phonology and the sub-grouping of Mon-Khmer languages （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. In Paul Sidwell (ed.), SEALSXV: Papers from the 15th Meeting of the South East Asian Linguistics Society, 193-204. Pacific Linguistics PL E1. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Theraphan L-Thongkum. 2002. The Role of endangered Mon-Khmer languages of Xekong Province, Southern Laos, in the reconstruction of Proto-Katuic. In Marlys Macken (ed.), Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 407-429. Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University.
- Theraphan L-Thongkum. 2001. ภาษาของนานาชนเผ่าในแขวงเซกองลาวใต้. Phasa khong nanachon phaw nai khweng Sekong Lao Tai. [Languages of the tribes in Xekong province, Southern Laos]. Bangkok: The Thailand Research Fund.
- Peiros, Ilia. 1996. Katuic comparative dictionary. Pacific Linguistics C-132. Canberra: Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-435-9
- Miller, John & Carolyn Miller. 1996. Lexical comparison of Katuic Mon-Khmer languages with special focus on So-Bru groups in Northeast Thailand （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 255-290.
- Migliazza, Brian. 1992. Lexicostatistic analysis of some Katuic languages （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. In Amara Prasithrathsint & Sudaporn Luksaneeyanawin (eds.), 3rd International Symposium on Language and Linguistics, 1320-1325. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
- Gainey, Jerry. 1985. A comparative study of Kui, Bruu and So phonology from a genetic point of view. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University MA thesis.
- Effimov, Aleksandr. 1983. Проблемы фонологической реконструкции прото-катуического языка. Probljemy phonologichjeskoj rjekonstruktsii Proto-Katuichjeskovo jazyka. [Issues in the phonological reconstruction of the Proto-Katuic language]. Moscow: Institute of Far Eastern studies Moscow dissertation.
- Diffloth, Gérard. 1982. Registres, dévoisement, timbres vocaliques: leur histoire en Katouique （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. [Registers, devoicing, vowel phonation: their history in Katuic]. Mon-Khmer Studies 11. 47-82.
- Thomas, Dorothy. M. (1967). A phonological reconstruction of Proto–East Katuic. Grand Forks: University of North Dakota MA thesis.
參考
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Katuic. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Gehrmann, Ryan. 2019. On the Origin of Rime Laryngealization in Ta』oiq: A Case Study in Vowel Height Conditioned Phonation Contrasts. Paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics (ICAAL8), Chiang Mai, Thailand, August 29–31, 2019.
- ^ Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et. al; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - Viện dân tộc học. 2014. Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. ISBN 978-604-90-2436-8
- ^ Watson, Richard L. 1996. Why three phonologies for Pacoh? Mon-Khmer Studies
- ^ Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
- ^ Diffloth, Gérard. 1992. "Vietnamese As a Mon-Khmer Language （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）." In Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, edited by Martha Ratliff and Eric Schiller. 125-139. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies.
- ^ Alves, Mark. 2005. "The Vieto-Katuic Hypothesis: Lexical Evidence （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）." In SEALS XV: Papers from the 15th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2003, edited by Paul Sidwell. 169-176. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.
- Sidwell, Paul. (2005). The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 58. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-802-7
- Sidwell, Paul. (2009). Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.
外部連結
- Frank Huffman戈都語音檔 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Paul Sidwell (2003)
- http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） RWAAI (南亞語系非物質文化遺產存儲室與工作空間)
- http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6712-F@view 戈都語支於RWAAI數字檔案