煙管蝸牛科
煙管蝸牛科(學名:Clausiliidae),亦作煙管螺科[2]或密封蝸科,是煙管蝸牛總科之下的一種小型和非常長的科級分類。本科物種主要都是左旋物種的陸生蝸牛、會呼吸空氣的有肺類腹足綱直神經亞綱柄眼目軟體動物[3]:105。
煙管蝸牛科 | |
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Cochlodina laminata | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
綱: | 腹足綱 Gastropoda |
目: | 柄眼目 Stylommatophora |
亞目: | 旋蝸牛亞目 Helicina |
下目: | 煙管蝸牛下目 Clausilioidei |
總科: | 煙管蝸牛總科 Clausilioidea |
科: | 煙管蝸牛科 Clausiliidae J. E. Gray, 1855[1] |
模式屬 | |
煙管蝸牛屬 Clausilia |
本科舊屬柄眼目中尿道亞目(Mesurethra)[4]及泛有肺類真有肺類柄眼類非正式群組彎尿道類。
截至2008年10月[update],本科連同現生種及化石種合共有1300個物種,是陸生蝸牛當中其生物多樣性最高的分類單元(參照Orthalicidae,在整個腹足綱來說也只是僅次於海生的小塔螺科)。
本科物種在台灣的名稱叫作「煙管蝸牛科」,這是得名於其殻口的獨特「煙管」解剖結構,叫作「腔襞」[5]:116,讓牠們可以將牠們的殼口變得可以像一扇趟門那樣把殻口關閉起來。
型態描述
幾乎所有本科的貝殻都是左旋的[3]:105,這在腹足綱物種的螺殻來說並不常見。殻的表面有肋樣構造[3]:105。殻長約10到15 mm[3]:105。
These snails have shells which are extremely high-spired, with numerous whorls.
The shells tend to be club-shaped, tapering at both ends to a rounded nub. The aperture usually has visible folds.
「煙管」
煙管蝸牛科物種在肺螺類腹足綱軟體動物來說相當特殊,因為牠們大多數的殻口都有稱為「腔襞」的類似「煙管」構造,就像一扇趟門一樣。這種「煙管」與口蓋並不一樣,因為在肺螺類物種都已有外套膜肺,並沒有「口蓋」這種構造。
腔襞是一種石灰質構造,舌形或調匙形,可將其殻口完全關閉,以防止肉食性的甲蟲幼蟲入侵其柔軟的身體。腔襞有不同的形態,如「月形」[5]:116或「弓形」[6]腔襞、「倒C形腔襞」[5]:124、「工形腔襞」[5]:118、「平行腔襞」[5]:128等,還可以分為多個部分,如:上腔襞、下腔襞、月形襞及主襞等[5]:116。腔襞有「閉板」及「腔襞板」(clausilium slides)將其封閉:「閉板」是附生於殻軸的板狀構造,而腔襞板則是殻內壁的板狀突起[5]:116,由殻壁摺疊而形成。
生物學
分類學
本科的模式屬是煙管蝸牛屬(Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805)。
根據2005年《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》,本科是彎尿道類非正式群組的成員[8],而這個群組在2010年的修訂被歸類為泛有肺類真有肺類演化支的成員[9]。在2017年《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》,曲尿道類支序和泛有肺類都不再使用[10]。
2005年分類
根據2005年《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》,本科包括下列各亞科:
- 煙管蝸牛亞科 Clausiliinae Gray, 1855
- tribe Clausiliini Gray, 1855 - synonym: Fusulinae Lindholm, 1924
- tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979
- subfamily Alopiinae A. J. Wagner, 1913
- tribe Alopiini A. J. Wagner, 1913
- tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923) - synonym: Marpessinae Wenz, 1923
- tribe Delimini Brandt, 1956 - synonym: Papilliferini Brandt, 1961 (n.a.)
- tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
- tribe Montenegrinini H. Nordsieck, 1972
- subfamily Baleinae A. J. Wagner, 1913 - synonyms: Laciniariini H. Nordsieck, 1963; Tristaniinae Schileyko, 1999
- subfamily † Constrictinae H. Nordsieck, 1981[11]
- 斜管螺亞科 Garnieriinae C.R. Boettger, 1926
- 斜管螺族 Garnieriini C.R. Boettger, 1926
- 傘管螺族 Tropidaucheniini H. Nordsieck, 2002
- subfamily † Eualopiinae H. Nordsieck, 1978
- subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923
- subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924
- tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 - synonym: Euxininae I. M. Likharev, 1962
- tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979
- tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979
- tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002
- tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979
- tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002
- tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994
- tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994
- subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923 - Neniastrinae H. B. Baker, 1930
- subfamily Phaedusinae A. J. Wagner, 1922
- tribe Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922
- tribe Megalophaedusini Zilch, 1954 - synonym: Zaptyxini Zilch, 1954
- subfamily Serrulininae Ehrmann, 1927
2017年分類
根據2017年《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》,煙管蝸牛科是柄眼目旋蝸牛亞目煙管蝸牛下目之下的煙管蝸牛總科的成員。本科之下的亞科從過往的11個亞科縮減至8個亞科21個族,分別如下:
- Subfamily Alopiinae A.J. Wagner, 1913
- Tribe Alopiini A.J. Wagner, 1913
- Tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923)
- Tribe Delimini R. Brandt, 1956
- Tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
- Subfamily Clausiliinae Gray, 1855
- 斜管螺亞科 Garnieriinae C.R. Boettger, 1926
- Subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923
- Subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924
- Subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923
- Subfamily Peruiniinae H. Nordsieck, 2005
- 管螺亞科 Phaedusinae A.J. Wagner, 1922
- 管螺族 Phaedusini A.J. Wagner, 1922
- Tribe Serrulinini Ehrmann, 1927
- Tribe Synprosphymini H. Nordsieck, 2007
屬
以下詳列本科之下各個亞科所屬的分類單元:
煙管蝸牛亞科
煙管蝸牛亞科(Clausiliinae Gray, 1855)包括以下兩族:
- 煙管蝸牛屬 Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805,煙管螺屬 - with two subgenera: Clausilia and Strobeliella H. Nordsieck, 1977[14]
- Erjavecia Brusina, 1870[14]
- Fusulus Fitzinger, 1833 - with two subgenera: Erjaveciella H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Fusulus[14]
- Julica H. Nordsieck, 1963[14]
- Macrogastra Hartmann, 1841 - with three subgenera: Macrogastra, Pseudovestia H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Pyrostoma Vest, 1867[14]
- Micridyla H. Nordsieck, 1973[14]
- Neostyriaca A. J. Wagner, 1920[14]
- Pseudofusulus H. Nordsieck, 1977 - has the only one species: Pseudofusulus varians[14]
- Ruthenica Lindholm, 1924[14]
- 族 Gracillariini
- Graciliaria Bielz, 1867[15]
Alopiinae
- 族 Alopiini
- Alopia H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Alopia and Kimakowiczia Szekeres, 1969
- Herilla H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Triloba Vest, 1867
- 族 Cochlodinini
- Cochlodina A. Férussac, 1821 - with four subgenera: Cochlodina; Cochlodinastra H. Nordsieck, 1977; Paracochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969; Procochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969
- Macedonica O. Boettger, 1877
- 族 Delimini
- Barcania Brandt, 1956
- Charpentieria Stabille, 1864 - with four subgenera: Charpentieria; Gibbularia Monterosato, 1908; Mauritanica O. Boettger, 1877; Siciliaria Vest, 1867 and Stigmatica O. Boettger, 1877
- Delima Hartmann, 1842 - with four subgenera: Delima; Dugiana Stamol & Slapnik, 2002; Piceata O. Boettger, 1877 and Semirugata O. Boettger, 1877
- Dilataria Vest, 1867
- Papillifera Hartmann, 1842
- 族 Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
- Agathylla H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Agathylla and Agathyllina H. Nordsieck, 1969
- Albinaria Vest, 1867 - also include former genera Carinigera Moellendorff, 1873; Cristataria Vest, 1867; Isabellaria Vest, 1867; Sericata O. Boettger, 1878.
- Inchoatia Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2006[17]
- Lampedusa - with two subgenera Imitatrix Westerlund, 1884 and Lampedusa
- Leucostigma A. J. Wagner, 1919
- Medora H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Muticaria Lindholm, 1925
- Strigilodelima A. J. Wagner, 1924
tribe Montenegrinini
- Montenegrina O. Boettger, 1877
- Protoherilla A. J. Wagner, 1921
Baleinae
- Alinda H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Alinda and Pseudalinda O. Boettger, 1877
- Balea J. E. Gray, 1824
- Bulgarica O. Boettger, 1877 - with three subgenera Bulgarica, Pavlovicia H. Nordsieck, 1973 and Strigilecula Kennard & Woodward, 1923
- Lacinaria Hartmann, 1842
- Likharevia H. Nordsieck, 1975
- Menissa H. & A.Adams, 1855
- Mentissella H. Nordsieck, 1973
- Micropontica O. Boettger, 1881 - with two subgenera: Baleopsina Lindholm, 1924 and Micropontica
- Mucronaria O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Index O. Boettger, 1877 and Mucronaria
- Quadriplicata O. Boettger, 1878
- Vestia Hesse, 1916 - with three subgenera: Brabenecia H. Nordsieck, 1974; Vestia and Vestiella H. Nordsieck, 1877
Constrictinae
Fossil subfamily Constrictinae contains genera:
- † Constricta (snail) Constricta
- [[O. Boettger, 1877 - type genus of the subfamily[8]]]
斜管螺亞科
斜管螺亞科(Garnieriinae)包括下列各屬:
- 飾管螺屬 Garnieria Bourguignat, 1877
- 斜管螺屬 Grandinenia H. Minato & C. Chen, 1984[18]
- Indonenia Ehrmann, 1927
- Megalauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2007
- Neniauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2002
- 傘管螺屬 Tropidauchenia small
- [[Lindholm, 1924
- Tropidauchenia subsp. Euryauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2007
- Tropidauchenia subsp. Tropidauchenia]]
Eualopiinae
Fossil subfamily Eualopiinae contains genera:
tribe † Eualopiini
tribe † Rillyini
Laminiferinae
- Laminifera O. Boettger, 1863 - the type genus of the family Laminiferinae.[8] Its type species is fossil.[8] (Actual status of the genus?)
- Bofilliella Ehrmann, 1927
- Neniatlanta Bouguignat, 1876
Mentissoideinae
- Acrotoma O. Boettger, 1881 - 有4個亞屬:Acrotoma, Acrotomina H. Nordsieck, 1977; Bzybia H. Nordsieck, 1977 and Castelliana Suvorov, 2002
- Akramowskia H. Nordsieck, 1975
- Armenica O. Boettger, 1877 - 有2個亞屬: Armenica and Astrogena Szekeres, 1970
- Bitorquata O. Boettger, 1877
- Boettgeria O. Boettger, 1863 - 有2個亞屬:Boettgeriaand Loosjesiella Neubert & Groh, 1998
- Elia H. & A.Adams, 1855 - 有4個亞屬:Acroeuxina O. Boettger, 1877; Caucasica O. Boettger, 1877; Elia and Megaleuxina O. Boettger, 1877
- Euxina O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Euxina and Illunellaria Lindholm, 1924
- Euxinastra O. Boettger, 1888 - with two subgenera: Euxinastra and Odonteuxina H. Nordsieck, 1875
- Euxinella H. Nordsieck, 1973
- Filosa O. Boettger, 1877
- Galeata O. Boettger, 1877
- Idyla H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Idyla and Strigilidyla H. Nordsieck, 1994
- Kazancia Neubert, 1992 - 有2個亞屬:Kazancia and Lasica Neubert, 1995
- Macroptychia O. Boettger, 1877
- Mentissoidea O. Boettger, 1877
- Olympicola Hesse, 1916
- Phrygica H. Nordsieck, 1994
- Roseniella Thiele, 1931 - with two subgenera: Chavchetia Neubert, 1992 and Roseniella
- Sabaeola Lindholm, 1925
- Sprattia O. Boettger, 1883
- Strigileuxina H. Nordsieck, 1975
- Strumosa O. Boettger, 1877
- Sumelia H. Nordsieck, 1994
大口管螺亞科
大口管螺亞科(Neniinae Ehrmann, 1927)主要分佈於南美洲,但亦有少數分佈於中國南部、南亞及東南亞,包括以下各屬[19]:
- Andinia Polinski, 1922
- Andiniella Weyrauch, 1958
- Audiniastra H. Nordsieck, 2005
- Bequaertinenia Weyrauch, 1964 - 有2個亞屬:Bequaertinenia and Miranenia Grego & Szekeres, 2004
- Brevinenia Neubert & H. Nordsieck, 2005
- Columbinia Polinski, 1924 - 有3個亞屬:Columbinia; Paranenia Rehder, 1939 and Steatonenia Pilsbry, 1926
- Cyclonenia H. Nordsieck, 1999
- Cylindronenia Ehrmann in Pilsbry, 1949 - with two subgenera: Cylindronenia and Cylindroneniella H. Nordsieck, 2007
- Ehrmanniella Zilch, 1949
- Gonionenia Pilsbry, 1926
- Gracilinenia Polinski, 1922
- Hemicena Pilsbry, 1949
- Incaglaia Pilsbry, 1949 - 有2個亞屬:Gibbonenia Zilch, 1954 and Incaglaia
- Incania Polinski, 1922
- Leuconenia H. Nordsieck, 2005
- 大口管螺屬 Nenia H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Neniaptyx H. Nordsieck, 2007
- Neniatracta Pilsbry, 1926
- Neniella Grego & Sekeres, 2004
- Neniops Pilsbry, 1926
- Nenisca Rehder, 1939
- Parabalea Ancey, 1882
- Peruinia Polinski, 1922
- Pfeifferiella Weyrauch, 1957
- Pseudogracilinenia Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1984
- Steeriana Jousseaume, 1900
- Symptychiella H. Nordsieck, 1999 - with two subgenera: Divnenia H. Nordsieck, 2005 and Symptychiella
- Temesa H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Zilchiella Weyrauch, 1957
管螺亞科
管螺亞科(Phaedusinae Thiele, 1931)包括以下各屬[20]:
管螺族 Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922
- Acanthophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2007
- 紡錘管螺屬 Atractophaedusa Ehrmann, 1927
- 棒管螺屬 Bacillophaedusa Grego & Szekeres, 2011
- 深褶螺屬 Bathyptychia Lindholm, 1925
- Castanophaedusa Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017
- 高管螺屬 Celsiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
- 張管螺屬 Changphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima, 2017
- Cylindrophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- 道管螺屬 Dautzenbergiella Lindholm, 1924
- 真管螺屬 Euphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- 麗管螺屬 Formosana O. Boettger, 1877
- 小麗管螺屬 Formosanella H. Nordsieck, 2003
- 福管螺屬 Fuchsiana Gredler, 1887
- 擬管螺屬 Hemiphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- Juttingia Loosjes, 1965
- Liparophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- Loosjesia H. Nordsieck, 2002
- Macrophaedusa Möllendorff, 1883
- Macrophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 2001
- Margaritiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
- Megalophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- Messageriella Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017
- 湊管螺屬 Minatoia Hunyadi & Szekeres, 2016
- Miraphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2005
- Musaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2018
- 小管螺屬 Nannophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2012
- Notoptychia Ehrmann, 1927
- 卵旋螺屬 Oospira W. T. Blanford, 1872
- 乳突管螺屬 Papilliphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003
- Paraphaedusa O. Boettger, 1899
- 管螺屬 Phaedusa H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 - 有4個亞屬:後管螺亞屬(Metaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001); Phaedusa; Pseudophaedusa Tomiyama, 1984 和 Stereophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- 鼻管螺屬 Probosciphaedusa Z.-Y. Chen, 2021
- 復管螺屬 Reinia Kobelt, 1876
- 月管螺屬 Selenophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- 鋸管螺屬 Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
- 華管螺屬 Sinigena Lindholm, 1925
- Solitariphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima, 2017
- Stereophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- 扭管螺屬 Streptodera Lindholm, 1925
- Taiwanphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima, 2017
- Tauphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003
- Tosaphaedusa Ehrmann, 1929
- Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900
tribe Megalophaedusini
- Leptacme Ehrmann, 1927[21]
- Oospira Blanford, 1872[21] - 有5個亞屬:Atractophaedusa Ehrmann, 1927; Formosana O. Boettger, 1877; Formosanella H. Nordsieck, 2003; Oospira; Paraformosella H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Siphonophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1901 - 有2個亞屬:Prozaptyx Loosjes, 1950 和褶管螺屬( Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900)
- 未定族 ?
- 棘管螺屬 Acanthophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2007
- Bathyptychia Lindholm, 1925,有3個亞屬:深褶螺亞屬(Bathyptychia); 短褶螺亞屬(Brachyptychia H. Nordsieck, 2001)和縮唇管螺亞屬(Strictiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001)
- Celsiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
- Cylindrophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877,有3個亞屬:Cylindrophaedusa 和山管螺亞屬(Montiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002)
- Dautzenbergiella Lindholm, 1924,有2個亞屬:Dautzenbergiella 和 曼管螺亞屬(Mansuyiella H. Nordsieck, 2003)
- Diceratoptyx Pilsbry, 1905
- 真管螺屬 Euphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877[22]: - with five subgenera: 齒管螺亞屬(Dentiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003); Euphaedusa; Papilliphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; 陶管螺亞屬(Tauphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003)和標管螺亞屬(Telophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003):又名小煙管蝸牛屬。
- Fuchsiana Gredler, 1887
- 擬管螺屬 Hemiphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877:有10個亞屬: Dendrophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002; Hemiphaedusa; 似擬管螺亞屬(Hemiphaedusoides H. Nordsieck, 2001); 擬褶管螺亞屬(Hemizaptyx Pilsbry, 1905); 迷管螺屬Labyrinthiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; 珠管螺精緻屬(Margaritiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001); Notoptychia Ehrmann, 1927; Pinguiphaedusa Azuma, 1982; Placeophaedusa Minato, 1994 和 Selenophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- Heterozaptyx Pilsbry, 1906
- Juttingia Loosjes, 1965,有2個亞屬:Juttingia 和 Pseudohemiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002
- Lindholmiella Ehrmann, 1927
- 油亮管螺屬 Liparophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- Loosjesia H. Nordsieck, 2002
- Luchuphaedusa Pilsbry, 1901,有2個亞屬:Luchuphaedusa 和 Nesiophaedusa Pilsbry, 1905
- 長管螺屬 Macrophaedusa Moellendorff, 1883
- 小長管螺屬 Macrophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 2001
- Megalophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877,有4個亞屬:Megalophaedusa; Mesophaedusa Ehrmann, 1929; Mesozaptyx Kuroda, 1963 和 Mundiphaedusa Minato, 1979. (Neophaedusa]]是Megalophaedusa的異名)。[23]
- Metazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
- 奇管螺屬 Miraphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2005
- Oligozaptx Pilsbry, 1905
- Paraphedusa O. Boettger, 1877
- Parazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
- Pliciphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1998
- Pulchraptyx Minato, 1981
- Reinia Kobelt, 1876,有3個亞屬:Parareinia H. Nordsieck, 1998; Pictophaedusa Azuma, 1982 和 Reinia
- Renschiphaedusa Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1973
- Selenoptyx Pilsbry, 1908
- 鋸管螺屬 Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
- Sinigena Lindholm, 1925
- Stereozaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
- Streptodera Lindholm, 1925
- 瘤管螺屬 Synprosphyma Germain, 1919,有2個亞屬:棄旋螺亞屬(Excussispira Lindholm, 1925)和 Synprosphyma
- Thaumatoptyx Pilsbry, 1908
- Tyrannophaedusa Pilsbry, 1901,有2個亞屬: Aulacophaedusa Azuma, 1982 和 Tyrannophaedusa
- Tyrannozaptyx Käufel, 1930
- Zaptychopsis Ehrmann, 1927
Serrulininae亞科
- Caspiophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- Dobatia H. Nordsieck, 1973
- Graecophaedusa Rähle, 1982
- Laeviphaedusa Likharev & Stelkov, 1965
- Microphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1978
- Nothoserrulina Németh & Szekeres, 1995
- Pamphylica Németh & Szekeres, 1995
- Pravispira Lindholm, 1924
- Pontophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
- Pontophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 1994
- Sciocochlea C. Boettger, 1935
- Serrulina Mousson, 1873
- Serrulinella H. Nordsieck, 1984
- Truncatophaedusa Majoros, Németh & Szili-Kovács 1994
- Tsoukatosia Gittenberger, 2000,有兩個亞屬: Agiosspeleikos A. & P. Reischütz, 2003 和 Tsoukatosia
未定亞科
保育
儘管非海洋軟體動物當中本科物種看似易危[25],但在《國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》只有9個本科的物種被列入名錄內[26]。
參考文獻
- ^ J. E. Gray. April 14, 1855. Catalogue of Pulmonata or air-breathing Mollusca in the collection of the British Museum, Part I: 156.
- ^ 皱纹岛管螺. 科學資料庫-中國動物主題資料庫-中國動物物種編目資料庫. [2018-06-11]. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-12) (中文(簡體)).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 宋大祥; 吳岷 (編). 英漢動物學詞典. 科學出版社. 2008. ISBN 978-7-03-021302-0 (中文(簡體)).
- ^ Mesurethra. ITIS. [2018-05-27].
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 蝸牛不思議
- ^ 陳德牛; 張國慶 (編). 德氏拟管螺 Hemiphaedusa draesekei Blume. 中国动物志. 無脊椎動物 第19卷 軟體動物門 腹足綱 柄眼目 煙管螺科 第一版. 科學出版社. [2018-07-16]. ISBN 9787030067975 (中文(簡體)).
- ^ The biology of terrestrial molluscs載於Google圖書
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.
- ^ Jörger, K.M.; Stöger, I.; Kano, Y.; Fukuda, H.; Knebelsberger, T. & Schrödl, M. On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2010, 10 (323). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.291.8310 . OCLC 682930730. PMC 3087543 . PMID 20973994. S2CID 6355980 . doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323 .
- ^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.
- ^ Nordsieck H. (1981). Archiv für Molluskenkunde 111(1-3): 101.
- ^ Nordsieck H. (1978). Archiv für Molluskenkunde 109(1-3): 104.
- ^ Nordsieck H. (1985). Heldia 1(3): 83.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 "Clausiliini" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 27 April 2011.
- ^ "Graciliaria" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 27 April 2011.
- ^ Uit de Weerd D. R. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic history of eastern Mediterranean Alopiinae, a group of morphologically indeterminate land snails" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). Doctoral thesis, Leiden University, ISBN 90-6464-874-3.
- ^ Gittenberger E. & Uit de Weerd D. R. (2009). "Summarizing data on the Inchoatia taxa, including Inchoatia megdova bruggeni subspec. nov. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Clausiliidae)" Zoologische Mededelingen 83 http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a08 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- ^ Family: CLAUSILIIDAE. WMSD - Worldwide mollusc species DB. [2018-04-02]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-15) (英語).
- ^ 陳德牛; 張國慶 (編). 大口管螺亚科 Neniinae. 中国动物志. 無脊椎動物 第19卷 軟體動物門 腹足綱 柄眼目 煙管螺科 第一版. 科學出版社. [2018-06-10]. ISBN 9787030067975 (中文(簡體)).
- ^ 陳德牛; 張國慶 (編). 管螺亚科 Phaedusinae. 中国动物志. 無脊椎動物 第19卷 軟體動物門 腹足綱 柄眼目 煙管螺科 第一版. 科學出版社. [2018-04-02]. ISBN 9787030067975 (中文(簡體)).
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Maassen W. J. M. & Gittenberger E. (2007). "Three new clausiliid land snails from Tonkin, northern Vietnam (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Clausiliidae)". [[Zoologische Mededelingen |81(1): http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/81/nr01/a10 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- ^ 真管螺属 Euphaedusa. 《中国动物志 无脊椎动物》 第七卷. [2018-04-02] (中文(簡體)).[永久失效連結]
- ^ cf. Nordsieck H. (2006). "Species list of recent Clausiliidae".
- ^ Jozef Grego; Miklós Szekeres; COTYORICA NEMETHI N. GEN. N. SP., A REMARKABLE TERTIARY RELICT OF THE SUBFAMILY PHAEDUSINAE (GASTROPODA: PULMONATA: CLAUSILIIDAE) FROM NORTHERN TURKEY
- ^ Lydeard, C.; Cowie R.; Ponder, W.F.; et al. The global decline of nonmarine mollusks. BioScience. April 2004, 54 (4): 321–330. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0321:TGDONM]2.0.CO;2 .
- ^ IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 5 March 2010.
延伸閱讀
- Maltz, T. K.; Sulikowska-Drozd, A. Life Cycles of Clausiliids of Poland — Knowns and Unknowns. Annales Zoologici. 2008, 58 (4): 857–880. doi:10.3161/000345408X396783 (英語).
- Nordsieck H. (2007). Worldwide Door Snails. ConchBooks, 213 pp. ISBN 978-3-939767-07-7.
- Uit de Weerd D. R. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic history of eastern Mediterranean Alopiinae, a group of morphologically indeterminate land snails". Doctoral thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Leiden University. HTM (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), PDF.
- Uit de Weerd D. R., Piel W. H. & Gittenberger E. (2004). "Widespread polyphyly among Alopiinae snail genera: when phylogeny mirrors biogeography more closely than morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33(3): 533-548. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.010
外部連結
- Nordsieck H. (2005–2007). www.clausilia.de at Internet Archive.
- Nordsieck H.: http://www.hnords.de (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館): Internet journal for the malacology of landsnails (with special regard to Clausiliidae).
- BioLib info (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)