第二次薩摩亞內戰

第二次薩摩亞內戰
	; 地圖顯示出美國與英國發生戰鬥的地點。
日期	1898–1899
地點	阿皮亞, 烏波盧, 薩摩亞, 太平洋
結果	協議妥協; 三方會議; 薩摩亞的分區; 美國取得美屬薩摩亞; 德國取得德屬薩摩亞; 英國以撤退交換薩摩亞的其他利益; 馬塔阿法·約瑟福成為薩摩亞最高酋長;
參戰方
薩摩亞支持國:; 英國 ; 美國	馬塔阿法·約瑟福支持國:; 德意志帝國
指揮官與領導者
Prince Tanu; 阿爾伯特·考茨; 萊斯里·斯圖爾特	馬塔阿法·約瑟福
傷亡與損失
24人死傷	127人陣亡或受傷; 2座堡壘受損

第二次薩摩亞內戰是在1898年，美國、德國與英國為了薩摩亞島鏈的控制權而引發的衝突。戰爭結束在1899年三方會議之後，美國獲得島的東半部，德國取得島的西半部，而英國獲得其它原為德屬的太平洋島鏈。^[1]目前德屬薩摩亞已經成為獨立國家，美屬薩摩亞則仍在美國政府的管轄下。^[2]^[3]^[4]

過程

國王馬列托亞·勞佩帕（Malietoa Laupepa）在1898年去世，馬塔阿法·約瑟福（Mata'afa Iosefo）從流放中歸來並被薩摩亞酋長委員會選舉為權力代表。作為回應，英國皇家海軍和美國海軍在登陸阿皮亞港，以支持勞佩帕的兒子馬列托亞·塔努馬菲利一世（Malietoa Tanumafili I）對抗德國支持的馬塔阿法。

英美海軍登陸阿皮亞後，佔領了這座城市的大部分地區。馬塔阿法部隊在這裡發動了進攻，因此在阿皮亞港的英美軍艦開始轟炸這座城市周圍的敵人陣地。轟炸結束後馬塔阿法部隊撤退到了瓦萊勒的要塞，美國和英國的軍隊開始進入茂密的叢林尋找馬塔阿法的手下。^[5]

4月1日的第二次瓦萊勒戰役中，英美遠征隊受挫，他們撤回到阿皮亞向他們的指揮官報告他們的傷亡情況。4月13日，英軍向瓦萊萊以南推進。那天馬塔阿法發動了進攻，但被擊退。另一支英美遠征隊在瓦萊勒再次與馬塔阿法部隊戰鬥，叛軍再次獲勝。4月25日，在阿皮亞發生了第二場戰鬥，一小隊薩摩亞人襲擊了一支美國海軍陸戰隊巡邏隊，但被擊退，沒有造成任何人員傷亡。三國在1899年的三方會議中達成協議，分割薩摩亞群島。西薩摩亞成為德國殖民地，其後獨立成現今的薩摩亞國，東薩摩亞成為美國屬地直至現今，內戰結束。^[6]

畫廊

蒂沃利飯店在1896年阿皮亞戰役時作為美軍的指揮所。
美國海軍陸戰隊和海軍艦砲,1899年。
薩摩亞戰士和美軍，1899年3月阿皮亞之圍。
德國升旗典禮，紀念德屬薩摩亞在1900年建立。
薩摩亞、美國和英國人在Mulinuu Peninsula豎立紀念碑, 1902年。
Mata'afa Iosefo 與其追隨者, 1902。

另見

參考文獻

^ Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900
^ Lawrence, David Russell. Chapter 5 Liberalism, Imperialism and colonial expansion (PDF). The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific. ANU Press. October 2014: 168 [2022-01-01]. ISBN 9781925022032. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-02-14）.
^ Mains, P. John; McCarty, Louis Philippe (1906). The Statistician and Economist: Volume 23. pg. 249
^ Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900
^ Mains, pg. 24
^ Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900

[1] Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900

[BRL5-2] Lawrence, David Russell. Chapter 5 Liberalism, Imperialism and colonial expansion (PDF). The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific. ANU Press. October 2014: 168 [2022-01-01]. ISBN 9781925022032. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-02-14）.

[3] Mains, P. John; McCarty, Louis Philippe (1906). The Statistician and Economist: Volume 23. pg. 249

[autogenerated574-4] Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900

[5] Mains, pg. 24

[autogenerated5742-6] Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]