腹部超音波
腹部超音波是一種醫學超音波檢查,用於檢查人體腹部。在病人腹部塗上超音波導電凝膠後,超音波探頭發出的聲波就能穿透腹部表面的腹壁,到達各器官。超音波探頭將從器官反射的超音波收集分析後,便能產出腹部影像。因此,這項檢查也被稱為跨腹超音波,與直接將探頭以內窺鏡方式放入人體中空器官的內鏡超音波有所不同。
腹部超音波檢查 | |
---|---|
ICD-9-CM | 88.76 |
OPS-301 | 3-059 |
MedlinePlus | 003777 |
用途
腹部超音波可用於判斷不同體內器官的異常,例如腎臟[1]、肝臟、膽囊、胰臟、脾臟、腹主動脈等。如果超音波儀器有都卜勒超音波功能,還可以檢查血管中的血液流動狀況,協助診斷腎動脈狹窄等疾病。此外,腹部超音波亦常用於檢查懷孕婦女的子宮與胎兒;這類檢查稱為產科超音波[2][3]。
當病患出現腹痛或急性腹痛,腹部超音波可用於診斷病者是否患上闌尾炎及膽囊炎,以便安排緊急手術[4][5]。
當醫生懷疑腹部器官可能異常脹大時,也會進行腹部超音波檢查。能發現的病症包括腹主動脈瘤、脾臟腫大、尿瀦留等。診斷為腹主動脈瘤的標準是:腹主動脈(以最外層計算)的直徑超過3厘米,即為腹主動脈瘤[6]。
脾臟腫大是傳染性單核白血球增多症的常見症狀。腹部超音波可以協助檢查患上此症者的狀況[7],但由於正常人體脾臟的大小差異很大,超音波只應用於協助診斷脾臟腫大,而不應作為診斷的唯一依據,也不應僅依據超音波結果來決定病者是否適合恢復運動[7]。
腹部超音波也用於檢查腎臟功能異常、胰臟消化酶(如澱粉酶、胰臟脂酶)功能異常的病人。
結石檢查
超音波能發現體內的結石,包括腎石、膽結石等。由於結石會吸收超音波,影像上將看到結石的後方出現黑色陰影。[8]
超音波亦可用於導引不同治療程序,如導引體外震波、針刺活檢及腹部穿刺引流(通過針刺從腹腔中抽走積水的治療)等等[9]。
肝臟
腹部超音波有助診斷肝功能指數異常的原因。超音波圖像中可以看到的異常包括肝腫大[11]、反射增強(可能由膽汁鬱積所致)[12]、膽囊或膽管病症、肝臟腫瘤等[13]。
腎臟超音波
腎臟超音波是診斷與跟進腎臟疾病的重要常用工具。腎臟超音波的圖像清晰,而且大部分腎臟病變都能在超音波圖像中識別出來。[14]
技術特點
腹部超音波的優點包括:方便快捷、可直接在病床邊進行檢查、不需使用對人體(特別是孕婦)有危害的X光、相比其他腹部造影檢查(如電腦掃描)便宜等等[15]。但一個主要缺點則是,如果病人腸道內有大量氣體,或腹部脂肪較多,將難以進行檢查,影像的品質也不好[16]。此外,檢查中能否獲取滿意的超音波影像,相當依賴進行檢查的醫護人員的經驗與技術水平[17]。
腹部超音波的影像在檢查時就可以即時看到[18],進行檢查時也不須麻醉,所以可以通過移動探頭來檢查病人的反應[19]。例如,將探頭按在病人的膽囊上,如果病人感到痛楚,即可能是患上急性膽囊炎[20]。
超音波能夠穿透腹壁,檢查骨盆內的器官與組織,例如膀胱、卵巢、子宮等。水是超音波極佳的傳導媒介,所以檢查這些器官前,會請病人大量喝水,讓膀胱盡量脹大,以便超音波訊號穿透[21][22]。
參考資料
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- ^ Puylaert, Julien B.C.M.; Rutgers, Peter H.; Lalisang, Roy I.; de Vries, Bas C.; van der Werf, Sjoerd D.J.; Dörr, Joep P.J.; Blok, Roeland A.P.R. A Prospective Study of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Appendicitis. New England Journal of Medicine. 1987-09-10, 317 (11): 666–669. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 3306375. doi:10.1056/NEJM198709103171103.
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