艾賽尼派
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艾賽尼派(希伯來語:אִסִּיִים,Isiyim,希臘語:Εσσήνοι,Εσσαίοι,或Οσσαίοι, Essḗnoi,Essaíoi,Ossaíoi),又譯愛色尼派或艾辛主義[1],猶太教派,活躍在公元前2世紀到公元1世紀的第二聖殿時期,有學者稱其可能源自撒都該祭司。[2]該派系較之法利賽和撒都該來說人數較少,艾賽尼人分布在各大城市,過著集體生活,推崇禁欲主義(有的甚至單身)、安貧樂道、每日清潔。在當時,很多相關教派共享相似的神秘主義、末世來世、彌賽亞觀、和禁慾苦修。這些派系被學者們稱之為「艾賽尼」。約瑟夫斯的記錄稱在羅馬尤迪亞省有數以千計的艾賽尼人居住。
死海古卷的發現,使艾賽尼備受矚目。雖然沒有證據顯示艾賽尼人編訂了它們,古卷被認為是艾賽尼圖書館。這些文獻保存了許多可能源自公元前300年希伯來聖經的抄本,經文直到1946年才啟封。有的學者則認為是艾賽尼人創作了死海古卷。[3] 蕾切爾·埃莉諾卻質疑艾賽尼人的存在。[4][5][6]
對艾賽尼最早的引述來自古羅馬作家老普林尼的《自然歷史》。[7]老普林尼在一些欄位中記敘了艾賽尼人禁止娶嫁,不擁有財產,有多輩族人。在斐洛的記錄中,艾賽尼人除了在以色列地活動以外,沒有在其它地方出現,但老普林尼在恩戈地那裡提到他們,恩戈地在死海旁邊。
之後,約瑟夫斯在《猶太戰史》就艾賽尼給出了詳盡的描述,在《猶太古史》和《約瑟夫斯生平》中也略略提及。他生成自己擁有一手經驗,並將 Essenoi 列為猶太三大派系之一,[8]與撒都該人和法利賽人並列。他記錄了一些有關虔誠、獨身、公有制、集體主義和堅守主日。他進而寫道艾賽尼在儀式上每天早上浸水、進食前禱告、致力於慈善、壓抑憤怒、研習古卷、保守秘密、銘記天使等。
老普林尼也是名地理學家,他將艾賽尼人定位在死海西北岸,這也是死海古卷被發現的地方。[9]
名稱
約瑟夫斯在兩本著作中使用 Essenes (艾賽尼)字眼[10][11],並在其它地方也對此提及。[12][13][14]但在有的地方,約瑟夫斯使用了 Essaios,也是代指 Essene。[15]約瑟夫斯指出艾賽尼是當時猶太教的三大派系之一。[16]
斐羅的用詞是 Essaioi,雖然根據語源學,他承認這個希臘原型「神聖的」是不準確的。[17]老普林尼的拉丁用詞是 Esseni。[7][18]
加布里爾·薄伽志尼暗示艾賽尼詞源並沒有找到,但詞彙被巴勒斯坦地區廣泛應用,包括庫姆蘭社區。[19]在死海古卷被發現之前,有許多理論猜測名字由希伯來遷移至希臘語,如 osey hatorah (守律法者),並在此之後出現在死海古卷中。[20]雖然有許多詞源解釋出版,但在1947年前這是唯一被學者們廣泛接受的,由庫姆蘭社區自定義的詞源。[21]詞源的形式是 Ossaioi 、 Essaioi 、 Esseni,這種變形被學者們所分析。[22]。在中世紀希伯來語中, Hassidim 代替了 "Essenes"。 這個希伯來詞彙不是 Essaioi/Esseni 的詞源,但東阿拉姆語 Hesi'im 則有可能。[23]還有人認為艾賽尼是希伯來語 chitzonim的音譯,在密西拿中用來指代各種世俗派系。另一種理論認為名字是借用小亞細亞膜拜阿耳特彌斯的教派那裡借用的,其行為和著重於猶太地的有些類似。[24]
然而,約瑟夫斯 – 即約瑟夫·本瑪他提亞 – 出生在祭司家族,並自稱是法利賽人。[25]「根據他的自傳,從16到19歲時,約瑟夫斯就與各種猶太教派交流體驗,以便擇優加入,並最終認定法利賽對大眾口味。在一個明顯的時間衝突上,約瑟夫斯提及了他在荒漠與苦行的本納斯待了3年,在19歲時終止。」[26]我們在《猶太戰史》的第8節得知他對所謂的「艾賽尼」的真實感受:
- "2.(119)在猶太人中有三個哲學派系。第一個叫法利賽;第二個叫撒都該;第三個,即 假裝 是更苛刻門徒的,叫艾賽尼。最後一個是猶太人出身,在對待彼此上似乎比其它派系更加親切關心。」[27]
地點
根據約瑟夫斯所述,艾賽尼人並不是聚居在「一個大型城市」中,而是「在各個城鎮裏散居」。[28]斐羅稱有「多餘四千人」,艾賽尼人居住在「巴勒斯坦和敘利亞境內」,[29]跟准確地說,「在猶太地的各大城市和許多村莊,在社會上都有其成員。」[30]
老普林尼將他們定位在「死海西岸,離海岸… 在上邊的恩戈地。」[18]
現在,有些學者和考古學家認爲艾賽尼人居住在庫姆蘭地,是沿死海猶太地沙漠邊的高原;他們引述老普林尼的文獻,認爲死海古卷就是艾賽尼人所著。這一理論雖然沒有蓋棺定論,但成爲學術界的主流意見。[31]
約瑟夫斯在描繪耶路撒冷錫安山區三牆壁上認爲「艾賽尼之門」是其中「最古老的」一個,[32]可能暗指艾賽尼社區可能位於城市的這片角落,並在聖殿區定時集合。
傳統
根據約瑟夫斯和斐羅的記錄,艾賽尼過著嚴格的公有制生活 – 學者們常常將其與後世的修道院進行對比。許多艾賽尼社團都是獨身制,但約瑟夫斯也提及其它艾賽尼派會訂婚三年,之後結婚。[33]根據約瑟夫斯的記錄,他們施行集體所有制,[34][35]根據集體利益選舉領袖。[36]他們禁止起誓,[37]不拿動物獻祭。[38]他們控制脾氣,主張和平,[37]僅在防禦劫匪時攜帶武器。[39]艾賽尼人不收奴隸,但彼此協作[40],由於公有制的緣故,不進行貿易。[41]約瑟夫斯和斐羅提供了有關他們生活、飲食、宗教儀式的詳盡記錄。
在長達三年的考察後,[42]新成員會起誓,包括對神靈的虔誠(το θειον)和對人類的慈善,維持生活的潔淨,拒絕犯罪和不道德活動,維繫條例,保存書籍,記錄天使的名字。[43]他們的神學包括靈魂不死,在死後獲得靈魂。[13][44]其中,活動的一部分包括用水來清潔,包括雨水和儲藏的水。
在當時,清潔禮儀在巴勒斯坦地區是常見的活動,因此並不是艾賽尼所特有的。許多會堂都有清潔儀式。[45]潔淨對於艾賽尼來說很重要,以至於他們在安息日時禁止排便。[46]
教父伊皮法紐(在公元4世紀)就艾賽尼內的兩大派系做了分析:[23]
拿撒勒人 – 從民族上來看是猶太人 – 源自基拉迪特斯、巴士尼特斯和約旦河外[47]… 他們承認摩西並相信他獲得了律法 – 不是這部律法,而是另一部律法。他們是堅守所有傳統的猶太人,但不獻祭或是吃肉。他們認為吃肉或獻祭是不合法的。他們認為這些書都是編造出來的,不是天父所設立的制度。這是拿撒勒人和其它人所不同之處…[48]
除了這些拿撒勒派別以外,還有另一個緊密相關的組織,叫奧西恩人(Ossaeans)。他們是和前者一樣的猶太人… 來自納巴泰、以土利亞、摩押比特斯和艾爾利斯[49],盆地之外是經文所稱的鹽海… 雖然它與其它七個派系中的六個不同,唯一造成分裂的是拿撒勒人對摩西律法的態度。
如果庫姆蘭社團就是艾賽尼人,那麼根據死海古卷,艾賽尼社團學校就是「雅哈達」(Yahad,即社區),用以將自己與其它猶太人區分開來,後者被貼上了「聖約違背者」的標籤。
學術討論
約瑟夫斯和斐羅對艾賽尼人進行了詳盡的討論。許多學者認為死海古卷是庫姆蘭艾賽尼後人所著;但這個理論受到廣泛爭議,例如,諾曼·高柏(N.Golb):
高柏認為庫姆蘭文獻和遺址的原始研究有欠科學,只是單單從學術典故中斷章取義。高柏認為,文獻雖然詳盡,風格各異;但遺址看上去類似堡壘,被長時間用作軍事據點 – 包括第一世紀 – 因此艾賽尼人不可能在此居住;在1870年挖掘出的大墓地在庫姆蘭遺址以東50米,有超過1200口墓穴,包括婦女和兒童 – 老普林尼寫到居住在死海的艾賽尼人「沒有一個女性,棄絕所有享樂... 族人中沒有生育」。高柏的書記敘了許多迪·瓦克斯(de Vaux)不成熟的結論,以及學術界毫無爭議的接納。他稱文獻可能來自耶路撒冷的圖書館,為躲避羅馬入侵而保存於此。[50]
其它學者則表示反對—特別是約瑟夫斯描述了有的艾賽尼允許婚姻。[51]
另一問題是艾賽尼和斐羅的特拉普提派。有辯論稱[誰說的?]特拉普提派是艾賽尼當時的一個支派,生活更加積極。[52]
關於艾賽尼形成的一個理論稱其來自猶太大祭司,被稱之為公義教師,後被喬納森·馬加比攛掇(不是撒度系祭司),貼上了「騙子」、「假祭司」的標籤。[5][6]另一些追隨者認為公義教師不單單是庫姆蘭艾賽尼的領袖,而且與耶穌十分相似,這早於福音150年。[31]勞倫斯·希夫曼認為庫姆蘭社區可以被稱為撒都該式,不是艾賽尼,因為他們的合法性繼承了撒都該傳統。[53]
印度西南的多馬基督徒可能與艾賽尼有關,根據泰米爾史詩,有人叫做 "Issani" 。[54]科恩DNA顯示今天的拿撒勒人可能與艾賽尼馬拉巴爾拿撒勒人有關。艾賽尼人常常是利未或科恩血統,這進一步解釋了他們有祭司血統,有的則來自印度。[55]
相關條目
腳註
- ^ 洪放. 死海古卷. 揭示二千年前聖經真貌(下). 基督教週報. No. 2487 (香港華人基督教聯會). 2012-04-22 [2020-09-30]. (原始內容存檔於2017-03-20) (中文(繁體)).
- ^ F.F. Bruce, Second Thoughts on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Paternoster Press, 1956.
- ^ Hillel Newman, Ph.D Bar Ilan University : Proximity to Power and Jewish Sectarian Groups of the Ancient Period Brill ISBN 90-04-14699-7.
- ^ Ilani, Ofri. Scholar: The Essenes, Dead Sea Scroll 'authors,' never existed. Haaretz. 13 March 2009 [17 March 2009]. (原始內容存檔於2010-04-18).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 McGirk, Tim. Scholar Claims Dead Sea Scrolls 'Authors' Never Existed. 時代雜誌. 16 March 2009 [17 March 2009]. (原始內容存檔於2013-08-26).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Rachel Elior Responds to Her Critics. Jim West. 15 March 2009 [17 March 2009]. (原始內容存檔於21 March 2009).[來源可靠?]
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Historia Naturalis. V, 17 or 29; in other editions V,(15).73; the passage in question: "Ab occidente litora Esseni fugiunt usque qua nocent, gens sola et in toto orbe praeter ceteras mira, sine ulla femina, omni venere abdicata, sine pecunia, socia palmarum. in diem ex aequo convenarum turba renascitur, large frequentantibus quos vita fessos ad mores eorum fortuna fluctibus agit. ita per saeculorum milia — incredibile dictu — gens aeterna est, in qua nemo nascitur. tam fecunda illis aliorum vitae paenitentia est! infra hos Engada oppidum fuit, secundum ab Hierosolymis fertilitate palmetorumque nemoribus, nunc alterum bustum. inde Masada castellum in rupe, et ipsum haut procul Asphaltite. et hactenus Iudaea est.". cf. English translation.
- ^ Josephus (約75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.119.
- ^ Barthélemy, D.; J. T. Milik, Roland de Vaux, G. M. Crowfoot, Harold Plenderleith, George L. Harding. Introductory: The Discovery. Qumran Cave 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1997: 5 [1955] [31 March 2009]. ISBN 0-19-826301-5. (原始內容存檔於2014-06-28).
- ^ Josephus. The Wars of the Jews. 2.119, 158, 160.
- ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 13.171-2.
- ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 18.11.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 18.18.
- ^ Josephus. The Life of Flavius Josephus. 10.
- ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 17.346.
- ^ And when I was about sixteen years old, I had a mind to make trim of the several sects that were among us. These sects are three: - The first is that of the Pharisees, the second that Sadducees, and the third that of the Essenes, as we have frequently told you - The Life of Josephus Flavius, 2 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館).
- ^ Philo. Quod Omnis Probus Liber (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). XII.75-87.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Pliny the Elder. Natural History. 5.73.
- ^ Boccaccini, Gabriele. Beyond the Essene hypothesis: the parting of the ways between Qumran and Enochic Judaism. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 1998: 47. ISBN 0-8028-4360-3. OCLC 37837643.
- ^ Goranson, Stephen. Others and Intra-Jewish Polemic as Reflected in Qumran Texts. Peter W. Flint and James C. VanderKam (編). The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment 2. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 1999: 534–551. ISBN 90-04-11061-5. OCLC 230716707.
- ^ For example, James C. VanderKam, "Identity and History of the Community." In The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment, ed. Peter W. Flint and James C. VanderKam, 2:487–533. Leiden: Brill, 1999. The earliest known proposer of this etymology was P. Melanchthon, in Johann Carion, Chronica, 1532, folio 68 verso. Among the other proposers before 1947, e.g., 1839 Isaak Jost, "Die Essaer," Israelitische Annalen 19, 145–7.
- ^ VanderKam, Goranson, etc
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Lightfoot, Joseph Barber. On Some Points Connected with the Essenes. St. Paul's epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon: a revised text with introductions, notes, and dissertations. London: Macmillan Publishers. 1875 [17 March 2009]. OCLC 6150927. (原始內容存檔於2008-06-30).
- ^ Essenes, Lawrence H. Schiffman, Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls, Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia, 1994. 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2011-01-15.
- ^ Whiston and Maier, 1999, Introduction, p.8
- ^ Ibid.
- ^ Whiston and Maier, 1999, "The Jewish War" - Chapter 8, p.736
- ^ Josephus (約). The Wars of the Jews. ;.';.
- ^ Philo (約;0–). Quod Omnis Probus Liber[永久失效連結]. XII..
- ^ Philo. Hypothetica[永久失效連結]. .'. in Eusebius. Praeparatio Evangelica. VIII.
- ^ 31.0 31.1 Ellegård, Alvar; Jesus – One Hundred Years Before Christ: A Study in Creative Mythology, (London ').
- ^ cf. map of ancient Jerusalem (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館).
- ^ Josephus (約75). The Wars of the Jews. book II, chap.8, para.13.
- ^ Josephus (約75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.122.
- ^ Josephus (約94). Antiquities of the Jews. 18.20.
- ^ Josephus (約75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.123, 134.
- ^ 37.0 37.1 Josephus (約75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.135.
- ^ Philo, §75[查證請求]
- ^ Josephus (約75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.125.
- ^ Josephus (約94). Antiquities of the Jews. 18.21.
- ^ Josephus (約75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.127.
- ^ Josephus (約75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.137–138. Josephus' mention of the three-year duration of the Essene probation may be compared with the phased character of the entrance procedure in the Qumran Rule of the Community [1QS; at least two years plus an indeterminate initial catechetical phase, 1QS VI]. The provisional surrender of property required at the beginning of the last year of the novitiate derives from actual social experience of the difficulties of sharing property in a fully communitarian setting, cf. Brian J. Capper, 'The Interpretation of Acts 5.4', Journal for the Study of the New Testament 19 (1983) pp. 117-131; idem, '"In der Hand des Ananias." Erwägungen zu 1QS VI,20 und der urchristlichen Gütergemeinschaft', Revue de Qumran 12(1986) 223-236; Eyal Regev, 「Comparing Sectarian Practice and Organization: The Qumran Sect in Light of the Regulations of the Shakers, Hutterites, Mennonites and Amish」, Numen 51 (2004), pp. 146-181.
- ^ Josephus (約75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.139–142.
- ^ Josephus (約75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.153–158.
- ^ Kittle, Gerhardt. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Volume 7. : 814, note 99.
- ^ 存档副本. [2014-05-24]. (原始內容存檔於2013-12-16).
- ^ Gileaditis, Bashanitis and the Transjordan
- ^ Epiphanius of Salamis (約378). Panarion. 1:18.
- ^ Nabataea, Ituraea, Moabitis and Arielis
- ^ Golb, Norman. Who wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?: the search for the secret of Qumran. New York City: Simon & Schuster. 1996. ISBN 0-684-80692-4. OCLC 35047608.[頁碼請求]
- ^ Josephus, Flavius. Jewish War, Book II. Chapter 8, Paragraph 13.
- ^ Philo. De Vita Contemplativa (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). I.1.
- ^ James VanderKam and Peter Flint, The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls, p.251.
- ^ Manimekalai, by Merchant Prince Shattan, Gatha 27
- ^ Weil, S. (1982)"Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: The Cananite Christians and Cochin Jews of Kerala. Contributions to Indian Sociology.
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- Durant, Will. Caesar and Christ. MJF Books. 1993. ISBN 5-552-12435-9.
- Eisenman, Robert H. James, the brother of Jesus: the key to unlocking the secrets of early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York City: Viking Press. 1997. ISBN 0-670-86932-5.
- Ewing, Upton Clary. The prophet of the Dead Sea scrolls: the Essenes and the Early Christians, one and the same holy people: their seven devout practices. Tree of Life Publications. 1994 [1963]. ISBN 0-930852-26-5. OCLC 30358890.
- Ewing, Upton Clary. The Essene Christ. New York City: Philosophical Library. 1961. OCLC 384703.
- Legge, Francis. Forerunners and rivals of Christianity, from 330 B.C. to 330 A.D.. New Hyde Park, New York: University Books. 1964. LCCN 64024125. OCLC 381558.
- Golb, Norman. Who wrote the Dead Sea scrolls?: the search for the secret of Qumran. New York City: Scribner. 1995. ISBN 0-02-544395-X. OCLC 31009916.
- Lewis, Harvey Spencer. Mystical Life of Jesus. San Jose, California: Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis. 1997 [1929]. ISBN 0-912057-46-7. OCLC 43629126.
- Koester, Helmut. The Theological Aspects of Primitive Christian Heresy. James McConkey Robinson (編). The Future of our religious past: essays in honour of Rudolf Bultmann. New York City: Harper & Row. 1971. OCLC 246558.
- Larson, Martin Alfred. The story of Christian origins: or, The sources and establishment of Western religion. Washington: J.J. Binns. 1977. ISBN 0-88331-090-2. OCLC 2810217.
- Larson, Martin Alfred. The Essene heritage: or, The teacher of the scrolls and the gospel Christ. New York City: Philosophical Library. 1967. OCLC 712416.
- Sanders, E. P. Judaism: practice and belief, 63 BCE–66 CE. London: SCM Press. 1992. ISBN 1-56338-015-3. OCLC 243725142.[頁碼請求]
- Savoy, Gene. The Essaei Document: Secrets of an Eternal Race : Codicil to The Decoded New Testament. Reno, Nevada: International Community of Christ. 1980 [1978]. ISBN 0-936202-03-3. OCLC 13952564.
- Schiffman, Lawrence H. From text to tradition: a history of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism. New York City: Ktav Pub. House. 1991: 113–116. ISBN 0-88125-372-3. OCLC 23733614.
- Schonfield, Hugh J. The Essene Odyssey: The Mystery of the True Teacher and the Essene Impact on the Shaping of Human Destiny. Tisbury: Element Books. 1984. ISBN 0-906540-49-6. OCLC 12223220.
- Schonfield, Hugh J. Those Incredible Christians. Tisbury: Element Books. 1991 [1968]. ISBN 0-906540-71-2. OCLC 13536522.
- Shaw, George Bernard. Androcles and The Lion. Fairfield, Iowa: 1st World Library - Literary Society. 2004 [1912]. ISBN 1-59540-237-3. OCLC 63203922.
- Smith, Enid S. The Essenes Who Changed Churchianity. Rays from the Rose Cross. October 1959.
- Vaclavik, Charles P. The vegetarianism of Jesus Christ. Three Rivers, California: Kaweah Publishing Company. 1986. ISBN 0-945146-00-0. OCLC 26054343.
- Vermes, Geza and Martin Goodman. The Essenes According to the Classical Sources. JSOT on behalf of the Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studie: Sheffield, 1989.
- Lillie, Arthur. Buddhism in Christendom, or, Jesus, the Essene. 1 Paternoster Square, London: Kegan Paul & Co.,. 1887.
- Smith; Enid S. - The Essens who changed churchianity, 1959
- Jean Daniélou - I manoscritti del Mar Morto e le origini del cristianesimo, 1993
- Joseph A. Fitzmyer - Qumran, 1994
- André Paul - I manoscritti del Mar morto, 1997
- 翻譯博士周兆詳 - 聖經誤譯誤信舉一反三, 2011 [1]
外部連結
- Historical Facts on Essene Culture (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Encyclopædia Britannica: Essenes
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Essenes (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Essenes (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Scholar: The Essenes, Dead Sea Scroll 'authors,' never existed (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) - Haaretz, 13 March 2009.
- Essenes and Others (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館): argues that the Hebrew original form of the name later spelled "Essenes" is in some Qumran scrolls as a self-designation.
- "Jannaeus, His Brother Absalom, and Judah the Essene," (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Stephen Goranson, identities of Wicked Priest and Teacher of Righteousness, relevant to history of the Essenes.
- (Thematically compiled comparison of the parallels in the ancient sources) Dead at 2009/09/22.
- The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls/ Essenes (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)