電磁極化子
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電磁極化子是一種玻色子準粒子(不應與極子,一種費米子準粒子混淆)。它是由電磁波之間的強烈耦合以及帶有電偶極子或磁偶極子的激發作用中誕生,是能級迴避交叉現象的一種表現。
電磁極化子描述了光的色散與產生交互作用的共振的交叉,在此情況下其可被視作新的簡正模,形成於特定物質或結構的模的強烈耦合,即光子和偶極振盪。
在弱耦合近似條件不成立的情況下,光子在晶體自由傳播的模型並不充分。電磁極化子的一個主要特徵是其與光在晶體的傳播速度(光子的頻率)的強烈關聯。
歷史
1929年勒維·通克斯及歐文·蘭米爾觀察到等離化氣體的振盪。[1]而電磁極化子的概念則最初由Kirill Tolpygo所考慮到,他在1950年得出離子晶體中聲子與電磁波的耦合狀態及其色散的關聯,即聲子-電磁極化子。[2][3]黃昆也在1951年獨立得出此成果。[4][5]它在蘇聯被稱為光-激子(Light-exciton),現今的通用名稱則由約翰·霍普菲爾德所改。
1968年安德里亞斯·奧托首次發表有關表面等離極化激元的論文。[6]在2016年的義大利國家研究院以有機微腔器件觀察到室溫中的超流體弗倫克爾激子-電磁極化子。[7]在2018年2月發現了新的三光子形態,並可能形成電磁極化子;此發現有助量子電腦的發展。[8][9]
種類
參考文獻
- ^ Tonks, Lewi; Langmuir, Irving. Oscillations in Ionized Gases. Physical Review. 1929-02-01, 33 (2): 195–210. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.33.195.
- ^ Tolpygo, K.B. Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions. Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi I Teoreticheskoi Fiziki (J. Exp. Theor. Phys.). 1950, 20 (6): 497–509, in Russian.
- ^ K.B. Tolpygo, "Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions," Zh. Eks.Teor. Fiz. vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 497–509 (1950), English translation: Ukrainian Journal of Physics, vol. 53, special issue (2008); Archived copy (PDF). [2015-10-15]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-12-08).
- ^ Huang, Kun. Lattice vibrations and optical waves in ionic crystals. Nature. 1951, 167 (4254): 779–780. Bibcode:1951Natur.167..779H. doi:10.1038/167779b0.
- ^ Huang, Kun. On the interaction between the radiation field and ionic crystals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. 1951, 208: 352–365.
- ^ Otto, A. Excitation of nonradiative surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustrated total reflection. Z. Phys. 1968, 216 (4): 398–410. Bibcode:1968ZPhy..216..398O. doi:10.1007/BF01391532.
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- ^ Hignett, Katherine. Physics Creates New Form Of Light That Could Drive The Quantum Computing Revolution. Newsweek. 16 February 2018 [17 February 2018]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-25).
- ^ Liang, Qi-Yu; et al. Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium. Science. 16 February 2018, 359 (6377): 783–786. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..783L. arXiv:1709.01478 . doi:10.1126/science.aao7293.
- ^ Eradat N., et al. (2002) Evidence for braggoriton excitations in opal photonic crystals infiltrated with highly polarizable dyes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80: 3491.
- ^ Yuen-Zhou, Joel; Saikin, Semion K.; Zhu, Tony; Onbasli, Mehmet C.; Ross, Caroline A.; Bulovic, Vladimir; Baldo, Marc A. Plexciton Dirac points and topological modes. Nature Communications. 2016-06-09, 7: 11783. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711783Y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4906226 . PMID 27278258. arXiv:1509.03687 . doi:10.1038/ncomms11783 (英語).
- ^ Klingshirn, Claus F. Semiconductor Optics 4. Springer. 2012-07-06: 105 [2019-11-15]. ISBN 978-364228362-8. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-10).
- Fano, U. Atomic Theory of Electromagnetic Interactions in Dense Materials. Physical Review. 1956, 103 (5): 1202–1218. Bibcode:1956PhRv..103.1202F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.103.1202.
- Hopfield, J. J. Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals. Physical Review. 1958, 112 (5): 1555–1567. Bibcode:1958PhRv..112.1555H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555.