食物渴望
食物渴望(food craving)是一種想吃特定食物的強烈欲望,與飢餓感不同。[1] 而將非食品當作食物的渴望稱為異食癖。[2]
食物渴望不一定是病態的[3],這種渴望並不總是對美味的東西。它也可能是由營養缺乏、無聊或單調的飲食引起的[3]。食物渴望現象的成因可能源自營養素缺乏以及攝取該營養素的驅動力;其次是心理制約,特定的線索或場景誘發個人想吃以往經驗中曾與該線索或場景連結的食物。[4]
食物渴望非常普遍,1990年代在加拿大進行的研究發現,97% 的大學女性和 68% 的大學男性表示有過對食物的渴望[5]。在對食物渴望的研究中,巧克力幾乎總是排在人們表示渴望的食物之首;[5][6]這種渴望被稱為巧克力癮。
雖然某些食物能夠讓人「渴望」,但食物是否會像藥物和酒精一樣成癮還不太清楚。與渴望不同,食物成癮更進一步,不僅包括強烈的渴望,而且還表現出對飲食行為的失控和反復過量食用食物,尤其是美味的食物[7]。
而所謂的食物成癮是否存在,或者一些難以控制自己的食物攝入量的人是否可以被視為食物成癮者,目前尚無共識。它仍然是一個備受爭議的領域。一些研究人員認為,藥物和酒精成癮的定義特徵在食物成癮中並不存在,而其他人則認為它們具有與大腦神經系統變化相關的相似特徵[8][9][10]。
參考資料
- ^ Craving. The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health 2nd. Facts on File: 176. 2003. ISBN 978-0-8160-4966-0.
- ^ Young SL. Craving earth: Understanding pica: The urge to eat clay, starch, ice, and chalk.. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. 22 October 2012. ISBN 978-0-231-14609-8.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Alonso-Alonso M, Woods SC, Pelchat M, Grigson PS, Stice E, Farooqi S, Khoo CS, Mattes RD, Beauchamp GK. Food reward system: current perspectives and future research needs.. Nutrition reviews. 2015-05-01, 73 (5): 296–307.
- ^ Meule, Adrian. The Psychology of Food Cravings: the Role of Food Deprivation. Current Nutrition Reports. 2020-09-01, 9 (3). ISSN 2161-3311. PMC 7399671 . PMID 32578025. doi:10.1007/s13668-020-00326-0 (英語).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Weingarten, H. P.; Elston, D. Food cravings in a college population. Appetite. 1991-12, 17 (3) [2023-03-25]. ISSN 0195-6663. PMID 1799279. doi:10.1016/0195-6663(91)90019-o. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-25). (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- ^ Rozin, Paul; Levine, Eleanor; Stoess, Caryn. Chocolate craving and liking. Appetite. 1991-12-01, 17 (3) [2023-03-25]. ISSN 0195-6663. doi:10.1016/0195-6663(91)90022-K. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-25) (英語). (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- ^ Davis, Caroline. Evolutionary and neuropsychological perspectives on addictive behaviors and addictive substances: relevance to the "food addiction" construct. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 2014-12. ISSN 1179-8467. doi:10.2147/sar.s56835.
- ^ Jacques, Angela; Chaaya, Nicholas; Beecher, Kate; Ali, Syed Aoun; Belmer, Arnauld; Bartlett, Selena. The impact of sugar consumption on stress driven, emotional and addictive behaviors. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2019-08, 103. ISSN 0149-7634. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.021.
- ^ Ahmed, Serge H.; Guillem, Karine; Vandaele, Youna. Sugar addiction. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2013-07, 16 (4). ISSN 1363-1950. doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e328361c8b8.
- ^ Schulte, Erica M.; Avena, Nicole M.; Gearhardt, Ashley N. Which Foods May Be Addictive? The Roles of Processing, Fat Content, and Glycemic Load. PLOS ONE. 2015-02-18, 10 (2). ISSN 1932-6203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117959.
- ^ Delahanty, Linda M.; Meigs, James B.; Hayden, Doug; Williamson, Donald A.; Nathan, David M. Psychological and Behavioral Correlates of Baseline BMI in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). Diabetes Care. 2002-11-01, 25 (11). ISSN 0149-5992. doi:10.2337/diacare.25.11.1992.
- ^ Waters, Anne; Hill, Andrew; Waller, Glenn. <17::aid-eat3>3.0.co;2-r Internal and external antecedents of binge eating episodes in a group of women with bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000, 29 (1). ISSN 0276-3478. doi:10.1002/1098-108x(200101)29:1<17::aid-eat3>3.0.co;2-r.