托尔金和种族

J·R·R·托尔金中洲系列奇幻作品描述有众多幻想物种,其中有些概念历来受人指责,称其暗含过时的种族观念。[1][2][3]然而,也有学者认为他受维多利亚式种族观念影响较深,对文学作品中“怪物”设计亦然,因此不论和平时期或者战时,托尔金实际都是反对种族主义英语anti-racism的。[4][5]

结合19世纪末优生学与惧怕道德沉沦的背景,[6]批评家们相信《魔戒》所述的种族杂交科学种族主义[7][8]另有观点认为,托尔金书中奥克的形态源自战时针对日本种族的丑化宣传。[9]此外,有人认为全书具有“道德式”地理设计:良善种族安排在西方,而邪恶势力位于东方。[10]

与这些猜测相反,托尔金实际上强烈反对纳粹种族理论,这可由1938年他写给出版商的一封信证实,[11][T 1]二战期间他也强烈反对反德宣传。[11]人们认为,他笔下中洲的文学设计具备绝对的文化与语言融合特征,[3]学者也认为针对托尔金的攻击时常与文中依据相悖。[12][13][14]


注释

参考文献

一手文献

  1. ^ Carpenter 2023,#29 to Stanley Unwin, #30 to Rütten & Loening, both 25 July 1938

二手文献

  1. ^ Yatt, John. Wraiths and Race. The Guardian. 2 December 2002 [25 May 2010]. (原始内容存档于26 August 2013). 
  2. ^ Bhatia, Shyam. The Lord of the Rings rooted in racism. Rediff India Abroad. 8 January 2003 [4 December 2010]. (原始内容存档于3 November 2010). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Straubhaar 2004,第101–117頁.
  4. ^ Fimi, Dimitra. Was Tolkien really racist?. The Conversation. [20 January 2021]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-18). 
  5. ^ Fimi, Dimitra. Revisiting Race in Tolkien's Legendarium: Constructing Cultures and Ideologies in an Imaginary World (lecture). Dimitra Fimi. 2012 [20 January 2021]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-18). 
  6. ^ Rogers & Underwood 2000,第121–132頁.
  7. ^ Reid, Robin Anne. Making or Creating Orcs: How Thorinsmut's Free Orcs AU Writes Back to Tolkien. Journal of Tolkien Research. 11 February 2021, 11 (2). article 3 [2024-06-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-08). 
  8. ^ Perry, David M. How Can We Untangle White Supremacy From Medieval Studies?. Pacific Standard. [10 October 2021]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-18). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Reid, Robin Anne. Making or Creating Orcs: How Thorinsmut's Free Orcs AU Writes Back to Tolkien. Journal of Tolkien Research. 11 February 2021, 11 (2). article 3 [2024-06-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-08). 
  10. ^ Magoun, John F. G. South, The. Drout, Michael D. C. (编). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge: 622–623. 2006. ISBN 1-135-88034-4. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Rearick, Anderson. Why is the Only Good Orc a Dead Orc? The Dark Face of Racism Examined in Tolkien's World. Modern Fiction Studies. 2004, 50 (4): 866–867. JSTOR 26286382. S2CID 162647975. doi:10.1353/mfs.2005.0008. 
  12. ^ Curry 2004,第30–33頁
  13. ^ Chism, Christine. Race and Ethnicity in Tolkien's Works. Drout, Michael (编). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. 2013: 555–556 [2007]. 
  14. ^ Chism, Christine. Racism, Charges of. Michael Drout (编). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. 2007. 
  15. ^ Heritage, Stuart. The backlash to rule them all? Every controversy about The Rings of Power so far. The Guardian. 5 September 2022 [5 September 2022].