无国家民族
在任何国家都不占主要族裔的民族
此條目可能包含原创研究。 (2023年10月1日) |
无国家民族[1](英語:Stateless nation),又稱沒有國家的民族,是指在任何國家都不是多數族裔的族群或民族。该詞彙是一個領土收復主義用詞,意指該民族應該擁有以其为主体民族的國家。符合这一定义的民族可能分布在多个主权国家境内,也可能仅在某一个国家的部分地區聚居,他们可能拥有其所在國家的國籍,也可能被其所在國家剝奪公民權。部分该类民族在歷史上曾建立过國家,或曾拥有實際上獨立的政权,也有很多从未建立过独立政权。許多沒有國家的民族都遭到歧視,甚至是種族清洗,也引發戰爭和分裂主義運動。一些沒有國家的民族現在已經成為民族國家(如南斯拉夫解體後形成的各國家)。
部分無國家民族實例
其他
中国大陆境内许多有独立语言/文字的少数民族均没有本民族的民族国家,如分布于东北的满族、赫哲族、鄂伦春族、鄂温克族,西南的哈尼族、壮族、彝族、白族、瑶族、布依族、黎族等。
中華民國亦有臺灣原住民族,現今主要位於臺灣本島東部、西部山區以及蘭嶼,並由官方劃定為原住民族地區(簡稱原鄉),原住民族則享有自治權。根據《原住民身份法》登記之戶口統計至少約57萬多人口(2019年11月),佔臺灣人口的2.38%。
參見
參考資料
- ^ 庞中英. 库尔德人问题和"无国家民族"的命运. 世界知识. 2004, 000 (003): 66.
- ^ 徐松石. 《粵江流域人民史》. 中華書局. 1939.
- ^ 徐松石. 《泰族僮族粵族考》. 東南亞研究所. 1949.
- ^ Kurd | History, Culture, & Language. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2021-07-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-13) (英语).
- ^ Benue-Congo languages. [2019-04-29]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-09).
- ^ John A. Shoup III, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.237
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.178
- ^ Shanghai Lockdown Bolsters a Fringe Independence Movement. 華爾街日報. [2022-04-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-26).
- ^ 「上海民族黨」在紐約成立 反共並要求上海獨立. RFI. 2018-12-08 [2020-10-22]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-24).
- ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in 国家百科全书
- ^ About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association. uyghuramerican.org. [2019-04-29]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-19).
- ^ Syed Farooq Hasnat, Pakistan 2011 p.82
- ^ The Kabyle People. [2016-08-02]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-21).
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.402
- ^ James Minahan. Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. 4. S - Z. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002.
- ^ 學苑. 《香港民族論》. 香港大學學生會. 2014. ISBN 9789881363107.
- ^ 梁衍華. 《香港獨立論》. 香港專業研習學會. 2016. ISBN 9789881483027.
- ^ 徐承恩. 《香港,鬱躁的家邦:本土觀點的香港源流史》. 左岸文化. 2017. ISBN 9789869800662.
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.422
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K 2002 p.677
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.352
- ^ Assessment for Lozi in Zambia. Minorities at Risk. [2009-04-10]. (原始内容存档于2010-06-03).
- ^ Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España. La Vanguardia. [2018-12-28]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-10).
- ^ Jeffrey Cole, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.235
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.1714
- ^ Acehnese (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). 大英百科全书. ©2016 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved on July 8, 2016.
- ^ Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, International Migration in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2004, p.267
- ^ UNPO: Assyria. [2016-08-02]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-29).
- ^ Jeffrey Cole, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.38
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.870
- ^ Aragonese in Spain. joshuaproject.net. [2019-04-29]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-12).
- ^ Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien. (原始内容存档于2006-06-23).
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations, James Minahan, pg. 1661
- ^ Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez. Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition. Y Lolfa Cyf. 2011: 70. ISBN 978-1847713797.
- ^ La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo – Cronaca – L'Unione Sarda.it. 2016-01-11 [2016-08-02]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ The Amazing Ryukyu Culture. kcpwindowonjapan.com. [2016-05-05]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-06).
- ^ 37.0 37.1 James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z 2002 p.1915
- ^ Christopher Blomquist, A Primary Source Guide to Chile 2005 p.15
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K 2002 p.211
- ^ James Stuart Olson, The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary 1996 p.183
- ^ Pina Cabral; João de; Nelson Lourenço. "Em Terra de Tufões: Dinâmicas da Etnicidade Macaense". Instituto Cultural de Macau. 1993. ISBN 978-9723501391.
- ^ Italy – Friulians. minorityrights.org. [2018-01-14]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-04).
- ^ Census 2011 – final results. [2019-04-29]. (原始内容存档于2015-06-27).
- ^ Statistics (PDF). portal.statistics.sk. [2019-04-29]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-04-17).
- ^ The Institute for European Studies, Ethnological institute of UW (PDF). [2012-08-16]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2003-03-20).
- ^ Kaschuben heute: Kultur-Sprache-Identität (PDF): 8–9. [2016-01-03]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-01-03) (德语).
- ^ Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula. Reuters. [2019-04-29]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24).
- ^ Mariano Aguirre, Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) in: Le Monde diplomatique, Novembre 1997
- ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. World Population Prospects, Table A.1 (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. 2009 [2009-03-12]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-03-18).
- ^ Sakha (Yakutia) Since the Fall of the Soviet Union. GeoCurrents. [2018-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-13) (美国英语).
- ^ Anaibin, Zoia Vasil'evna. The Contemporary Ethnic Situation in Tuva. Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 1995-07-01, 34 (1): 42–59. ISSN 1061-1959. doi:10.2753/AAE1061-1959340142.
- ^ Minahan, James. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2002-05-30: 1731 [2019-04-29]. ISBN 9780313076961. (原始内容存档于2016-05-29) (英语).
- ^ The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010
- ^ Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы. www.demoscope.ru. [2018-03-15]. (原始内容存档于2011-08-25).
- ^ Bill calls for close look at secession 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2006-11-11.
- ^ Bill calls for close look at secession 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2004-09-15.
- ^ 2021 Isle of Man Census Report Part I (PDF). gov.im. Isle of Man government. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于20 August 2022).
- ^ 2021 Isle of Man Census Report Part II (PDF). gov.im. Isle of Man government. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于20 August 2022).
- ^ Hossain, Kamrul; Maruyama, Hiroshi. Japan's admission to the Arctic Council and commitment to the rights of its indigenous Ainu people. The Polar Journal. 2016-01-02, 6 (1): 169–187. ISSN 2154-896X. doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1170998.
- ^ Schweitzer, Peter P.; Biesele, Megan; Hitchcock, Robert K. Hunters and Gatherers in the Modern World: Conflict, Resistance, and Self-determination. Berghahn Books. 2000: 206 [2019-04-29]. ISBN 9781571811028. (原始内容存档于2020-02-28) (英语).
- ^ Rights declaration (PDF). archives.cap.anu.edu.au. [2019-04-29]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-03-15).
- ^ Orkney 'seeks independence from Scotland'. Mail Online. [2017-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-09).
- ^ Legrand, Christine. Easter Island issues Chile with independence threat. The Guardian. 2013-01-15 [2017-08-13]. ISSN 0261-3077. (原始内容存档于2019-09-09) (英国英语).
- ^ East, 101. The Fight for Rapa Nui. www.aljazeera.com. [2017-08-13]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-13).
- ^ Romero, Simon. Slow-Burning Rebellion Against Chile on Easter Island. The New York Times. 2012-10-06 [2017-08-13]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于2019-11-23) (美国英语).
- Keating, Michael, Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland Second, Palgrave, 2001
- Levinson, David (编), Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, Phoenix, AZ: The Oryx Press, 19981998 [2014-12-30], ISBN 1-57356-019-7, (原始内容存档于2011-01-12)
- Minahan, James (编), Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, Westport: Greenwood Press, 20022002 [2014-12-30], ISBN 0-313-31617-1, (原始内容存档于2010-08-03)
- Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael (编), Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition, Ceredigion: Y Lolfa, 20112011 [2014-12-30], ISBN 978-1-84771-379-7, (原始内容存档于2016-03-04)
外部連結
- 欧洲沒有國家的民族地图,欧洲少数民族利益團體发布
- 联合国在民族或族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利宣言 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)