互联网操纵
互联网操纵(英语:Internet manipulation),是商业、社交或政治领域中,数字技术被广泛应用于实现特定目的,例如社交媒体演算法和自动脚本的使用[1]。操纵公众舆论、分化公民[2] 、压制持不同政见者、伤害企业或政治对手以及提高个人或品牌声誉等目的,常常使用各种数字技术,如社交媒体演算法和自动脚本。报导指出,黑客、受雇的专业人士和普通公民都使用软体进行互联网操纵。这种操纵通常使用网路机器人,如社交机器人、投票机器人和点击机器人等[3]。
问题
- 行为操纵:假新闻、虚假讯息和人工智慧可以在意识之外暗中影响行为。这种影响方式与影响认知信念的方法不同,因为它们能够悄悄地运作,难以被察觉。这种暗中的操作可以改变人们的看法、态度和行为,而他们可能不会意识到自己受到了外部因素的影响[10]。
- 简单胜于复杂:提供简单解释并将其永久化的做法可能被用于在线操纵复杂情况。与复杂、细致入微的解释和讯息相比,这种简化的讯息通常更容易让人相信,并且在充分调查之前就开始传播,具有更高的传播力[12]。
参见
参考资料
- ^ Woolley, Samuel; Howard, Philip N. Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians, and Political Manipulation on Social Media. Oxford University Press. 2019. ISBN 978-0190931414.
- ^ Marchal, Nahema; Neudert, Lisa-Maria. Polarisation and the use of technology in political campaigns and communication (PDF). European Parliamentary Research Service. 2019 [2023-05-31]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-28).
- ^ Gorwa, Robert; Guilbeault, Douglas. Unpacking the Social Media Bot: A Typology to Guide Research and Policy: Unpacking the Social Media Bot. Policy & Internet. 2018-08-10. S2CID 51877148. arXiv:1801.06863 . doi:10.1002/poi3.184 (英语).
- ^ Cognitive Hacking (PDF). 2003 [4 February 2017]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于18 February 2018).
- ^ Thompson, Paul. Cognitive hacking and intelligence and security informatics (PDF). Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science VIII 5423: 142–151. 2004 [4 February 2017]. Bibcode:2004SPIE.5423..142T. S2CID 18907972. doi:10.1117/12.554454. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于5 February 2017).
- ^ Cognitive Hacking: A Battle for the Mind (PDF). [4 February 2017]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于18 February 2018).
- ^ Castells, Manuel. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. John Wiley & Sons. 2015-06-04 [4 February 2017]. ISBN 9780745695792 (英语).
- ^ Condemnation over Egypt's internet shutdown. Financial Times. [4 February 2017]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-04).
- ^ Net neutrality wins in Europe - a victory for the internet as we know it. ZME Science. 31 August 2016 [4 February 2017]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-31).
- ^ Bastick, Zach. Would you notice if fake news changed your behavior? An experiment on the unconscious effects of disinformation. Computers in Human Behavior. 2021, 116 (106633): 106633. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106633 .
- ^ Berger, Jonah; Milkman, Katherine L. What Makes Online Content Viral? (PDF). Journal of Marketing Research. April 2012, 49 (2): 192–205 [2023-05-31]. S2CID 29504532. doi:10.1509/jmr.10.0353. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-06-02).
- ^ Hoff, Carsten Klotz von. Manipulation 2.0 – Meinungsmache via Facebook. Der Freitag. 6 April 2012 [4 February 2017]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-01) (德语).
- ^ Golda, Christopher P. Informational Social Influence and the Internet: Manipulation in a Consumptive Society. 2015 [4 February 2017] (英语).
- ^ Moderators: New subreddit feature - comment scores may be hidden for a defined time period after posting • /r/modnews. reddit. 29 April 2013 [4 February 2017]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-19) (英语).
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
guard1
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Die Scheinwelt von Facebook & Co. (German-language documentary by the ZDF). [4 February 2017]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-07) (德语).
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Ich habe nur gezeigt, dass es die Bombe gibt. Das Magazin. 3 December 2016 [30 April 2017]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-03).
- ^ Beuth, Patrick. US-Wahl: Big Data allein entscheidet keine Wahl. Die Zeit. 6 December 2016 [30 April 2017]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-31).
- ^ The Data That Turned the World Upside Down. Motherboard. 2017-01-28 [30 April 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-06-21) (美国英语).