網際網路操縱
網際網路操縱(英語:Internet manipulation),是商業、社交或政治領域中,數字技術被廣泛應用於實現特定目的,例如社交媒體演算法和自動腳本的使用[1]。操縱公眾輿論、分化公民[2] 、壓制持不同政見者、傷害企業或政治對手以及提高個人或品牌聲譽等目的,常常使用各種數字技術,如社交媒體演算法和自動腳本。報導指出,黑客、受僱的專業人士和普通公民都使用軟體進行網際網路操縱。這種操縱通常使用網路機器人,如社交機器人、投票機器人和點擊機器人等[3]。
問題
- 行為操縱:假新聞、虛假訊息和人工智慧可以在意識之外暗中影響行為。這種影響方式與影響認知信念的方法不同,因為它們能夠悄悄地運作,難以被察覺。這種暗中的操作可以改變人們的看法、態度和行為,而他們可能不會意識到自己受到了外部因素的影響[10]。
- 簡單勝於複雜:提供簡單解釋並將其永久化的做法可能被用於在線操縱複雜情況。與復雜、細緻入微的解釋和訊息相比,這種簡化的訊息通常更容易讓人相信,並且在充分調查之前就開始傳播,具有更高的傳播力[12]。
參見
參考資料
- ^ Woolley, Samuel; Howard, Philip N. Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians, and Political Manipulation on Social Media. Oxford University Press. 2019. ISBN 978-0190931414.
- ^ Marchal, Nahema; Neudert, Lisa-Maria. Polarisation and the use of technology in political campaigns and communication (PDF). European Parliamentary Research Service. 2019 [2023-05-31]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-03-28).
- ^ Gorwa, Robert; Guilbeault, Douglas. Unpacking the Social Media Bot: A Typology to Guide Research and Policy: Unpacking the Social Media Bot. Policy & Internet. 2018-08-10. S2CID 51877148. arXiv:1801.06863 . doi:10.1002/poi3.184 (英語).
- ^ Cognitive Hacking (PDF). 2003 [4 February 2017]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於18 February 2018).
- ^ Thompson, Paul. Cognitive hacking and intelligence and security informatics (PDF). Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science VIII 5423: 142–151. 2004 [4 February 2017]. Bibcode:2004SPIE.5423..142T. S2CID 18907972. doi:10.1117/12.554454. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於5 February 2017).
- ^ Cognitive Hacking: A Battle for the Mind (PDF). [4 February 2017]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於18 February 2018).
- ^ Castells, Manuel. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. John Wiley & Sons. 2015-06-04 [4 February 2017]. ISBN 9780745695792 (英語).
- ^ Condemnation over Egypt's internet shutdown. Financial Times. [4 February 2017]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-04).
- ^ Net neutrality wins in Europe - a victory for the internet as we know it. ZME Science. 31 August 2016 [4 February 2017]. (原始內容存檔於2023-05-31).
- ^ Bastick, Zach. Would you notice if fake news changed your behavior? An experiment on the unconscious effects of disinformation. Computers in Human Behavior. 2021, 116 (106633): 106633. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106633 .
- ^ Berger, Jonah; Milkman, Katherine L. What Makes Online Content Viral? (PDF). Journal of Marketing Research. April 2012, 49 (2): 192–205 [2023-05-31]. S2CID 29504532. doi:10.1509/jmr.10.0353. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-06-02).
- ^ Hoff, Carsten Klotz von. Manipulation 2.0 – Meinungsmache via Facebook. Der Freitag. 6 April 2012 [4 February 2017]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-01) (德語).
- ^ Golda, Christopher P. Informational Social Influence and the Internet: Manipulation in a Consumptive Society. 2015 [4 February 2017] (英語).
- ^ Moderators: New subreddit feature - comment scores may be hidden for a defined time period after posting • /r/modnews. reddit. 29 April 2013 [4 February 2017]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-19) (英語).
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
guard1
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Die Scheinwelt von Facebook & Co. (German-language documentary by the ZDF). [4 February 2017]. (原始內容存檔於2018-11-07) (德語).
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Ich habe nur gezeigt, dass es die Bombe gibt. Das Magazin. 3 December 2016 [30 April 2017]. (原始內容存檔於2016-12-03).
- ^ Beuth, Patrick. US-Wahl: Big Data allein entscheidet keine Wahl. Die Zeit. 6 December 2016 [30 April 2017]. (原始內容存檔於2023-05-31).
- ^ The Data That Turned the World Upside Down. Motherboard. 2017-01-28 [30 April 2017]. (原始內容存檔於2017-06-21) (美國英語).