多西环素

独克士霉素INN:doxycycline,也称为多喜霉素强力霉素伟霸霉素脱氧土霉素去氧土霉素)是种广谱四环素类抗生素英语broad-spectrum antibiotic,用于治疗病原细菌和某些寄生虫的感染[1] - 如细菌性肺炎痤疮披衣菌感染莱姆病霍乱斑疹伤寒梅毒[1]也可用于预防疟疾[2][3]

多西环素
临床资料
读音/ˌdɒksɪˈskln/
DOKS-iss-EYE-kleen
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureDoxy、Doryx、Vibramycin及其他
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682063
核准状况
怀孕分级
  • : D
给药途径口服给药, 静脉注射[1]
ATC码
法律规范状态
法律规范
药物动力学数据
生物利用度~100%
血浆蛋白结合率80–90%
药物代谢微小,可忽略不计
生物半衰期10–22小时
排泄途径多数透过粪便, 40%透过尿
识别信息
  • (4S,4aR,5S,5aR,6R,12aS)-4-(Dimethylamino)-3,5,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide
CAS号564-25-0  checkY
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.008.429 编辑维基数据链接
化学信息
化学式C22H24N2O8
摩尔质量444.44 g·mol−1
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
  • CN(C)[C@@H]3C(\O)=C(\C(N)=O)C(=O)[C@@]4(O)C(/O)=C2/C(=O)c1c(cccc1O)[C@H](C)[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H]34
  • InChI=1S/C22H24N2O8.H2O/c1-7-8-5-4-6-9(25)11(8)16(26)12-10(7)17(27)14-15(24(2)3)18(28)13(21(23)31)20(30)22(14,32)19(12)29;/h4-7,10,14-15,17,25,27-29,32H,1-3H3,(H2,23,31);1H2/t7-,10+,14+,15-,17-,22-;/m0./s1 checkY
  • Key:XQTWDDCIUJNLTR-CVHRZJFOSA-N checkY

给药方式有口服给药,或是静脉注射[1]

使用后常见的副作用有腹泻恶心呕吐腹痛以及晒伤风险增加。[1]不建议个体在怀孕期间使用,以免对胎儿造成伤害。[1]此药物与其他四环素类抗生素药剂一样,系透过抑制病菌蛋白质的生成而减缓其繁殖或是将其杀死。[1][4]它透过靶向疟原虫色素体胞器顶质体),而将其杀死。[5][6]

独克士霉素于1957年取得专利,并于1967年由辉瑞制药取得医疗用途核准。[7][8]它已纳入世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中。[9]市面上有其通用名药物流通。[1][10]此药物在美国2022年最常使用处方药中排名第68,开立的处方笺数量超过900万张。[11][12]

医疗用途

 
100毫克独克士霉素通用名药物(又称学名药)胶囊。
 
一盒独克士霉素通用名药物。

独克士霉素除能用于四环素类抗生素所有成员的一般适应症外,也常用于治疗莱姆病、慢性前列腺炎鼻窦炎骨盆腔发炎[13][14]严重痤疮、酒糟鼻[15][16][17]立克次体感染。[18]口服此药物以治疗丘疹脓疱性酒糟鼻和成人痤疮的药理作用不仅限于其抗菌活性,它的抗炎作用和对血管生成抑制作用也是疗效的重点。[19]

此药物于2004年在加拿大被认为是治疗披衣菌感染和非淋菌性尿道炎英语non-gonococcal urethritis的一线药物,并与头孢克肟联合用于治疗无并发症的淋病。[20]

抗菌性

一般适应症

独克士霉素是一种广谱抗生素,用于治疗多种细菌感染。对卡他莫拉氏菌英语Moraxella catarrhalis羊布鲁氏菌英语Brucella melitensis肺炎披衣菌英语Chlamydia pneumoniae肺炎支原体等病菌能发挥作用。此外此药物也用于预防和治疗炭疽钩端螺旋体病腺鼠疫和莱姆病等严重疾病。然而一些细菌,包括嗜血杆菌属人类支原体英语Mycoplasma hominis绿脓杆菌,已出现对独克士霉素的抗药性。[21][22]此药物也能有效对抗鼠疫耶尔森菌(腺鼠疫的传染源),并用于治疗莱姆病、[23][24][25][26]埃利希体病英语ehrlichiosis[27][28]落矶山斑点热[29]

独克士霉素主要用来治疗以下疾病:[29][30]

特定革兰氏阴性菌适应症

若细菌学检测证实感染病原为对独克士霉素敏感的革兰氏阴性菌,则可选用此药物进行治疗:[29][30]

特定革兰氏阳性菌适应症

一些革兰氏阳性菌已对独克士霉素产生抗药性。高达44%的化脓性链球菌和高达74%的粪链球菌英语Enterococcus faecalis属已具抗药性。高达57%的痤疮丙酸杆菌菌株已具抗药性。[39]若细菌学检测证实感染病原为对独克士霉素敏感的革兰氏阳性菌,则可选用此药物进行治疗:[29][30]

当病人禁用青霉素时

当个体不能施用青霉素时,可使用独克士霉素治疗:[29][30]

用作辅助制剂

独克士霉素也可用作严重痤疮的辅助制剂。[40][29][30]

亚抗菌剂量独克士霉素 (SDD) 广泛用作牙周炎刮治和根面平整术的辅助用药。SDD也用于治疗痤疮和酒糟鼻等皮肤病,[15][41][42]包括眼部红斑痤疮。

独克士霉素可用作急性肠道阿米巴病的辅助制剂。[43]

此药物也用作软性下疳的辅助制剂。[43]

作为性传染病预防用途

此药物可用于暴露后预防(PEP),以减少性传染病感染(STI)的发生率,但它与相关的四环素抗药性有关联,特别是淋球菌[44][45][46]澳大利亚共识声明因而提到基于抗生素耐药性的考量,独克士霉素在暴露后预防中的应用应予谨慎。目前证据显示此药物对于男男性行为者梅毒的预防效果较佳,但对于其他细菌性性传染病感染,其益处与风险的比值尚不明确。[47]

美国疾病管制与预防中心 (CDC)[48]和澳大利亚爱滋病医学协会的指引支持在PEP中适当使用独克士霉素。[49][50]

组合使用

治疗布鲁氏菌病的一线药物是独克士霉素和链霉素的组合,二线的是独克士霉素和利福平的组合。[51]

抗疟药

独克士霉素对恶性疟原虫的红血球阶段(erythrocytic stage)具有活性,但对恶性疟原虫的配子母细胞英语gametocyte没作用。[52]此药物可用于预防疟疾。不建议单独用于疟疾的初始治疗,虽然寄生虫会对此药物的效力敏感,但其抗疟作用会延迟发生,疟原虫在此期间可能继续繁殖,有可能导致病情恶化。。[53]

独克士霉素会阻断恶性疟原虫顶质体(细胞器)中的蛋白质产生,而发生两重要作用:破坏寄生虫产生对其生长非常重要的脂肪酸能力,且损害疟原虫血红素(一种辅助因子)的产生。这些影响发生在寄生虫生命周期的后期,对寄生虫的抑制作用主要发生在血液期,此阶段是疟原虫引起宿主发病的主因。[54]独克士霉素透过此过程,既能抑制恶性疟原虫的生长,又能防止其繁殖。它不会直接杀死恶性疟原虫,而是创造阻止其生长和复制的条件。[55]

世界卫生组织 (WHO) 发布的指南指出,独克士霉素与青蒿琥酯或是奎宁组合后,可用于治疗恶性疟原虫引起的无并发症疟疾,或作为严重疟疾静脉注射治疗后的续接疗法。[56]

驱虫药

独克士霉素可杀死线虫生殖道中的共生沃尔巴克氏体属细菌,导致线虫不孕,而减少蟠尾丝虫症淋巴丝虫病等疾病的传播。[57]于2005年进行的现场试验,显示为期8周的独克士霉素疗程几乎将微丝蚴英语microfilaria的释放清除。[58]

硬化剂注射疗法

独克士霉素也用于辅助治疗缓流血管畸形(即静脉畸形英语vascular malformation淋巴畸形英语lymphatic malformation),以及术后淋巴液瘤英语lymphocele的血管硬化剂注射疗法英语sclerotherapy[59]

仿单标示外使用

独克士霉素可用于仿单标示外用途,以治疗家族性淀粉样物多发性神经病变 (ATTR)。研究显示独克士霉素与熊去氧胆酸英语Ursodoxicoltaurine的联合疗法,可有效破坏ATTR患者体内已形成的转甲状腺素蛋白纤维,为治疗此病提供新的希望。[60]

给药途径

独克士霉素可透过口服或是静脉注射途径给药。[1]

此药物与乳制品、抗酸剂、钙补充剂、含铁制剂、含镁泻药或胆汁酸螯合剂英语bile acid sequestrant一同服用并不危险,但这些食物和补充剂都可能会降低人体对独克士霉素的吸收率。[61][62]

禁忌症

有严重肝病或同时使用异维A酸或其他类视黄醇(与维生素A相似的有机化合物)禁用此药物,因为在极少数情况下,四环素和类视黄醇均会导致高颅内压[61]

怀孕与哺乳

独克士霉素被FDA归类为D级妊娠药物(风险证据明确:已有明确证据显示对人类胎儿有风险)。它会进入母乳。[63]其他四环素抗生素于个体在怀孕期间和8岁以下儿童禁用,因为它们可能会破坏骨骼和牙齿的发育。[64]

不良反应

使用此药物的通常不良反应有头痛、恶心、呕吐及皮肤对阳光敏感。[65] 严重副作用属于罕见(少于0.1%):不明原因的流血,包括流鼻血(可能是血液问题)、腹泻且便中有血或是粘液、耳鸣、浅色排便及深色尿液(可能是肝脏问题)、用药后开始关节痛或肌肉痛、剧烈头痛连同呕吐及视力问题以及光照性指甲剥离英语Photo-onycholysis等。[65]

药物交互作用

先前人们认为独克士霉素会加速细胞色素P450(一个庞大的蛋白质超家族)分解避孕药,而损害多种激素避孕药的有效性。研究显示使用大多数四环素类抗生素(包括独克士霉素)时,口服避孕药的有效性并无明显下降,但许多医生仍然建议服用此药物者另采屏障避孕法以防意外怀孕。[66][67][68]

药理学

独克士霉素与其他四环素抗生素同样具有抑菌作用 - 透过抑制病菌的蛋白质合成来防止其繁殖。[69]

作用机转

独克士霉素是一种广谱抑菌抗生素。它透过与仅存在于病菌中的30S核糖体亚基结合来抑制其蛋白质合成。[70][71]而阻止转运RNA与核糖体亚基上的信使RNA结合,表示胺基酸无法添加到多肽链中,也无法产生新的蛋白质,而阻止病菌生长,让人体免疫系统有时间杀死和清除病菌。[72]

药物动力学

药物几乎完全经由服用者的小肠上部吸收。它在血浆中的最大血药浓度于给药后一到两小时内发生。血浆蛋白结合率高达近80-90%。

独克士霉素在人体的代谢微小,可忽略不计。经人体主动排泄到肠道(部分通过胆囊,部分经由血管),其中一些会形成螯合物而失去活性。有约40%经由脏消除,

历史

由于青霉素出现,在第二次世界大战期间彻底改变病菌感染的治疗方法,许多药厂开始利用生物勘探英语bioprocpecting以发现抗生素的模式。美国氰胺制药英语American Cyanamid(于2009年为辉瑞制药并入)为其中之一,该公司的研究人员在1940年代末期发现金霉素,此为四环素类抗生素的第一种。[4]

随后辉瑞制药发明土霉素四环霉素,最终制造出独克士霉素,并于1960年代初进行临床开发,于1967年获得FDA批准用于医疗用途。[4]

当独克士霉素的专利在1970年代初接近到期时,此专利成为辉瑞制药和国际整流器公司英语International Rectifier[73]之间诉讼的主题,最终是辉瑞制药胜诉。争端直到1983年才落幕。[74]

FDA于2013年1月报告称,"由于需求增加和制造问题" ,部分(并非全部)独克士霉素出现短缺现象。[75]导致美国独克士霉素的市场价格于2013年和2014年初大幅上涨(从每瓶500片的20美元上涨到超过1,800美元),[76][77][78]过后才下降。.[79][80]

社会与文化

独克士霉素在全球销售,有多种商业品牌。[81]市面上也有其通用名药物流通。[1][10]

研究

有研究以此药物应用于下述疾病的治疗:

 
四环素转录调控系统的应用实例之一:利用Tet-On系统调节siRNA(小干扰RNA)的表达,以达到定时敲低(knock-down)基因表达等目的。

抗发炎剂

一些研究显示独克士霉素是一可透过抑制促炎性细胞因子来发挥抗发炎特性的潜在药剂。[84]

伤口愈合

科学家们于近年积极投入研究,以开发出更有效的独克士霉素,加速伤口愈合。研究的重点主要放在两方面:

  1. 延长药物保存期限
  2. 改善药物投递方式

最常见的投递方式是伤口敷料。相较于过去单层的敷料,最新的设计已发展出三层结构,这种设计能更有效地将药物释放到伤口,促进愈合。[85]

研究试剂

独克士霉素和其他四环素类抗生素常被用作in vitro(体外)和in vivo(体内)生物医学研究实验中的研究试剂。

  1. 涉及细菌的实验: 独克士霉素和其他四环素类抗生素常被用于研究细菌相关的生物医学实验。
  2. 涉及真核细胞的实验: 在研究真核细胞时,四环素系统常被用来控制基因的表达。研究人员借由独克士霉素可精确控制目标蛋白的产生时间和数量。

独克士霉素在亚抗菌剂量下是基质金属蛋白酶的抑制剂,并已为此目的而用于各种实验,例如治疗顽固性复发性角膜糜烂英语recurrent corneal erosion[86]

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