主體性
主體性（英語：Subjectivity），又譯主觀性，在哲學語境中與意識、能動性、人格、心靈哲學、現實和真理的觀念有關。
定義
由於主觀性通常不是哲學話語的焦點，因此不同的來源給出了各種模糊的定義。[1] 然而，它與意識、能動性、人格、心靈哲學、現實和真理的觀念有關。三個常見的定義包括主觀性是以下各項的品質或條件：
- 某物是一個主體，狹義是指擁有有意識體驗的個人和個體，例如觀點、感覺、信念和慾望。[2]
- 作為主體的事物，廣義上是指具有能動性的實體，這意味著它對其他實體（客體）起作用或對其行使權力。[3]
- 某些資訊、想法、情境（英語：situation）或物質性（英語：physical）事物從一個或多個主體的角度被確認為是真實的。[4]
主觀性的不同定義經常一起使用並互換使用。[1] 該術語最常用於解釋影響、告知和偏向人們對真相或現實的判斷的因素；它是對特定主題的外部現象的看法、經驗、期望、個人或文化性理解和信念的集合。[4]
主體性或主觀性的核心在於獨特的自我定位行為。在這裡，每一個主體都是一個絕對自主的點，所以它不能被簡化為因果網絡中的一個時刻。[5]
延伸閱讀
- [俄]伊萬諾娃，《哲學知識的主觀性問題》
- Beiser, Frederick C. (2002). German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801. Harvard University Press.
- Block, Ned; Flanagan, Owen J.; & Gzeldere, Gven (Eds.) The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-52210-6
- Bowie, Andrew (1990). Aesthetics and Subjectivity : From Kant to Nietzsche. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Dallmayr, Winfried Reinhard (1981). Twilight of Subjectivity: Contributions to a Post-Individualist Theory Politics. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
- Ellis, C. & Flaherty, M. (1992). Investigating Subjectivity: Research on Lived Experience. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. ISBN 978-0-8039-4496-1
- Farrell, Frank B. (1994). Subjectivity, Realism, and Postmodernism: The Recovery of the World in Recent Philosophy. Cambridge - New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Gaukroger, Stephen. (2012). Objectivity. Oxford University Press.
- Johnson, Daniel. On Truth As Subjectivity In Kierkegaard's Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Quodlibet Journal. July 2003, 5 (2–3) [2023-04-13]. （原始內容存檔於2017-06-24）.
- Lauer, Quentin (1958). The Triumph of Subjectivity: An Introduction to Transcendental Phenomenology. Fordham University Press.
相關主題
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Bykova, Marina F. (February 2018). "On the Problem of Subjectivity: Editor's Introduction". Russian Studies in Philosophy. 56: 1-5 - via EBSCOhost.
- ^ Solomon, Robert C. "Subjectivity," in Honderich, Ted. Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2005), p.900.
- ^ Allen, Amy. Power, Subjectivity, and Agency: Between Arendt and Foucault. International Journal of Philosophical Studies. 2002, 10 (2): 131–49. S2CID 144541333. doi:10.1080/09672550210121432.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Gonzalez Rey, Fernando. Subjectivity in Debate: Some Psychology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour. June 2019, 49: 212–234 –透過EBCOhost.
- ^ Slavoj Žižek. The Fall That Makes Us Like God, Part I. The Philosophical Salon. 2019-09-23.
The innermost core of subjectivity resides in a unique act of what Fichte baptized 「self-positing.」 Here, each subject is a point of absolute autonomy, which means that it cannot be reduce to a moment in the network of causes and effects.
（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 存档副本. [2021-12-30]. 原始內容存檔於2019-09-25.