主体性
主体性（英语：Subjectivity），又译主观性，在哲学语境中与意识、能动性、人格、心灵哲学、现实和真理的观念有关。
定义
由于主观性通常不是哲学话语的焦点，因此不同的来源给出了各种模糊的定义。[1] 然而，它与意识、能动性、人格、心灵哲学、现实和真理的观念有关。三个常见的定义包括主观性是以下各项的品质或条件：
- 某物是一个主体，狭义是指拥有有意识体验的个人和个体，例如观点、感觉、信念和欲望。[2]
- 作为主体的事物，广义上是指具有能动性的实体，这意味着它对其他实体（客体）起作用或对其行使权力。[3]
- 某些资讯、想法、情境（英语：situation）或物质性（英语：physical）事物从一个或多个主体的角度被确认为是真实的。[4]
主观性的不同定义经常一起使用并互换使用。[1] 该术语最常用于解释影响、告知和偏向人们对真相或现实的判断的因素；它是对特定主题的外部现象的看法、经验、期望、个人或文化性理解和信念的集合。[4]
主体性或主观性的核心在于独特的自我定位行为。在这里，每一个主体都是一个绝对自主的点，所以它不能被简化为因果网络中的一个时刻。[5]
延伸阅读
- [俄]伊万诺娃，《哲学知识的主观性问题》
- Beiser, Frederick C. (2002). German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801. Harvard University Press.
- Block, Ned; Flanagan, Owen J.; & Gzeldere, Gven (Eds.) The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-52210-6
- Bowie, Andrew (1990). Aesthetics and Subjectivity : From Kant to Nietzsche. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Dallmayr, Winfried Reinhard (1981). Twilight of Subjectivity: Contributions to a Post-Individualist Theory Politics. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
- Ellis, C. & Flaherty, M. (1992). Investigating Subjectivity: Research on Lived Experience. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. ISBN 978-0-8039-4496-1
- Farrell, Frank B. (1994). Subjectivity, Realism, and Postmodernism: The Recovery of the World in Recent Philosophy. Cambridge - New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Gaukroger, Stephen. (2012). Objectivity. Oxford University Press.
- Johnson, Daniel. On Truth As Subjectivity In Kierkegaard's Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Quodlibet Journal. July 2003, 5 (2–3) [2023-04-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-24）.
- Lauer, Quentin (1958). The Triumph of Subjectivity: An Introduction to Transcendental Phenomenology. Fordham University Press.
相关主题
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Bykova, Marina F. (February 2018). "On the Problem of Subjectivity: Editor's Introduction". Russian Studies in Philosophy. 56: 1-5 - via EBSCOhost.
- ^ Solomon, Robert C. "Subjectivity," in Honderich, Ted. Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2005), p.900.
- ^ Allen, Amy. Power, Subjectivity, and Agency: Between Arendt and Foucault. International Journal of Philosophical Studies. 2002, 10 (2): 131–49. S2CID 144541333. doi:10.1080/09672550210121432.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Gonzalez Rey, Fernando. Subjectivity in Debate: Some Psychology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour. June 2019, 49: 212–234 –通过EBCOhost.
- ^ Slavoj Žižek. The Fall That Makes Us Like God, Part I. The Philosophical Salon. 2019-09-23.
The innermost core of subjectivity resides in a unique act of what Fichte baptized “self-positing.” Here, each subject is a point of absolute autonomy, which means that it cannot be reduce to a moment in the network of causes and effects.
（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 存档副本. [2021-12-30]. 原始内容存档于2019-09-25.