重複獨立發現發明列表

维基媒体列表条目



歷史學社會學上對於科學界「重複獨立發現發明」的現象各有評論。羅伯特·金·莫頓將「重複發現」定義為各自獨立開展研究的科學家得出相似的發現的情況。[1]「有些發現是同時的,或者幾乎同時的;而有些科學家得出的新發現早在幾年前就有人在他不知情的情況下捷足先登。」[2]

重複獨立發現發明最常見的例子是微積分氧氣進化論的發現及發明。微積分於17世紀由牛頓萊布尼茨等人各自獨立發明[3];氧氣於18世紀由舍勒普里斯特里拉瓦錫各自獨立發現;進化論則是於19世紀,由達爾文華萊士分別獨立提出。

然而,重複獨立發現發明並非只限於科學研究的巨頭之間。莫頓認為科學發現的常態應該是由多人獨立發現,而不是由一個個人或團體獨一無二地發現。[4]

莫頓還對比了「重複發現」與「獨特發現」,「獨特發現」是指單一的一位科學家或一組合作的科學家得出的發現。[5]

13世紀

 
哥白尼

14世紀

16世紀

 
伽利略

17世紀

 
牛頓
 
萊布尼茨

18世紀

19世紀

 
高斯
 
法拉第
 
羅巴切夫斯基
 
達爾文
 
門捷列夫
 
貝爾

20世紀

 
貝可勒爾
 
居里夫人
 
愛因斯坦
 
希格斯
 
彭齊亞斯
 
丁肇中

21世紀

 
珀爾馬特, 里斯, 施密特

名言


— 「某些東西的時機一旦成熟,就會如雨後春筍般在不同的地方湧現。」[48] 鮑耶·法卡斯英語Farkas Bolyai規勸其子鮑耶·亞諾什儘快宣布非歐幾何的發現
引自 Li & Vitanyi, An introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications, 1st ed., p. 83.

參見

參考文獻

引用

  1. ^ Robert K. Merton, "Resistance to the Systematic Study of Multiple Discoveries in Science", European Journal of Sociology, 4:237–82, 1963. Reprinted in Robert K. Merton, The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Chicago, University of Chicago Press,1973, pp. 371–82. [1]頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  2. ^ Robert K. Merton, The Sociology of Science, 1973.
  3. ^ A. Rupert Hall, Philosophers at War, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1980.
  4. ^ Robert K. Merton, "Singletons and Multiples in Scientific Discovery: a Chapter in the Sociology of Science", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 105: 470–86, 1961. Reprinted in Robert K. Merton, The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1973, pp. 343–70.
  5. ^ Robert K. Merton, On Social Structure and Science, p. 307.
  6. ^ "Copernicus seems to have drawn up some notes [on the displacement of good coin from circulation by debased coin] while he was at Olsztyn in 1519. He made them the basis of a report on the matter, written in German, which he presented to the Prussian Diet held in 1522 at Grudziądz... He later drew up a revised and enlarged version of his little treatise, this time in Latin, and setting forth a general theory of money, for presentation to the Diet of 1528." Angus Armitage, The World of Copernicus, 1951, p. 91.
  7. ^ Roger Penrose, The Road to Reality, Vintage Books, 2005, p. 103.
  8. ^ 原文:"If the semi-diameter of a sphere of the same density as the Sun in the proportion of five hundred to one, and by supposing light to be attracted by the same force in proportion to its [mass] with other bodies, all light emitted from such a body would be made to return towards it, by its own proper gravity."
  9. ^ Alan Ellis, "Black Holes – Part 1 – History", Astronomical Society of Edinburgh, Journal 39, 1999頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). A description of Michell's theory of black holes.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, Bantam, 1996, pp. 43-45.
  11. ^ Gauss, Carl Friedrich, "Nachlass: Theoria interpolationis methodo nova tractata", Werke, Band 3, Göttingen, Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 1866, pp. 265–327.
  12. ^ Heideman, M. T., D. H. Johnson, and C. S. Burrus, "Gauss and the history of the fast Fourier transform", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol. 34, no. 3 (1985), pp. 265–277.
  13. ^ Roger Penrose, The Road to Reality, Vintage Books, 2005, p. 81.
  14. ^ Halliday et al., Physics, vol. 2, 2002, p. 775.
  15. ^ "Aug. 18, 1868: Helium Discovered During Total Solar Eclipse", http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2009/08/dayintech_0818/頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  16. ^ Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, p. 933.
  17. ^ "Had Becquerel... not [in 1896] presented his discovery to the Académie des Sciences the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity, and even a Nobel Prize, would have gone to Silvanus Thompson." Robert William Reid, Marie Curie, New York, New American Library, 1974, ISBN 0002115395, pp. 64-65.
  18. ^ "Marie Curie was... beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium. Unknown to her, a German, Gerhard Carl Schmidt, had published his finding in Berlin two months earlier." Robert William Reid, Marie Curie, New York, New American Library, 1974, ISBN 0002115395, p. 65.
  19. ^ N.E. Collinge, The Laws of Indo-European, pp. 149-52.
  20. ^ Barbara Goldsmith, Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie, New York, W.W. Norton, 2005, ISBN 0-393-05137-4, p. 166.
  21. ^ Photochemical equivalence law. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [2009-11-07]. (原始內容存檔於2015-06-09). 
  22. ^ Stephen Hawking, The Brief History of Time,Bantam press(1996), pg:88.
  23. ^ M.J. O'Dowd, E.E. Philipp, The History of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, London, Parthenon Publishing Group, 1994, p. 547.
  24. ^ Eggleton, Philip; Eggleton, Grace Palmer (1927). "The inorganic phosphate and a labile form of organic phosphate in the gastrocnemius of the frog". Biochemical Journal 21 (1): 190–195. PMC 1251888. PMID 16743804.
  25. ^ Fiske, Cyrus H.; Subbarow, Yellapragada (1927). "The nature of the 'inorganic phosphate' in voluntary muscle". Science 65 (1686): 401–403. doi:10.1126/science.65.1686.401. PMID 17807679.
  26. ^ See the "bibliographic notes" at the end of chapter 7 in Hopcroft & Ullman, Introduction to Automata, Languages, and Computation, Addison-Wesley, 1979.
  27. ^ Ralston, Anthony; Meek, Christopher (編), Encyclopedia of Computer Science second: 488–489, 1976, ISBN 0-88405-321-0 
  28. ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William, Computer: A History of the Information Machine, New York: Basic Books: 84, 1996, ISBN 0-465-02989-2 .
  29. ^ Jane Smiley, The Man Who Invented the Computer: The Biography of John Atanasoff, Digital Pioneer, 2010.
  30. ^ Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1986, ISBN 0671441337, p. 27.
  31. ^ Irwin Abrams website,[2]頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  32. ^ Troyer, James. In the beginning: the multiple discovery of the first hormone herbicides. Weed Science. 2001, 49 (2): 290–297. doi:10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0290:ITBTMD]2.0.CO;2. 
  33. ^ The Chip that Jack Built頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), ca. 2008, HTML, Texas Instruments, retrieved 29 May 2008.
  34. ^ Christophe Lécuyer, Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930-1970, MIT Press, 2006, ISBN 0262122812, p. 129.
  35. ^ Nobel Web AB, 10 October 2000 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), retrieved 29 May 2008.
  36. ^ See Chapter 1.6 in the first edition of Li & Vitanyi, An Introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications, who cite Chaitin (1975): "this definition [of Kolmogorov complexity] was independently proposed about 1965 by A.N. Kolmogorov and me ... Both Kolmogorov and I were then unaware of related proposals made in 1960 by Ray Solomonoff."
  37. ^ Navarro, Gonzalo. A guided tour to approximate string matching (PDF). ACM Computing Surveys. 2001, 33 (1): 31–88. doi:10.1145/375360.375365. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-10-12). 
  38. ^ 斷言獨立的來源有Bollobás, Béla; Radcliff, A.J. Defect Sauer results. Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A. 1995, 72: 189–208. doi:10.1016/0097-3165(95)90060-8. 
  39. ^ Vapnik, V. N.; Červonenkis, A. Ja. The uniform convergence of frequencies of the appearance of events to their probabilities. Akademija Nauk SSSR. 1971, 16: 264–279. MR 0288823. 
  40. ^ Sauer, N. On the density of families of sets. Journal of Combinatorial Theory英語Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A. 1972, 13: 145–147. MR 0307902. doi:10.1016/0097-3165(72)90019-2 . 
  41. ^ Shelah, Saharon. A combinatorial problem; stability and order for models and theories in infinitary languages. Pacific Journal of Mathematics. 1972, 41: 247–261. MR 0307903. doi:10.2140/pjm.1972.41.247 . (原始內容存檔於2013-10-05). 
  42. ^ See Garey & Johnson, Computers and intractability, p. 119.
    Cf. also the survey article by Trakhtenbrot (see "External Links").
    Levin emigrated to the U.S. in 1978.
  43. ^ Endo, Akira; Kuroda M., Tsujita Y. (December 1976). "ML-236A, ML-236B, and ML-236C, new inhibitors of cholesterogenesis produced by Penicillium citrinium". Journal of Antibiotics (Tokyo), 1976 29(12), 1346–8. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.29.1346. PMID 1010803.
  44. ^ "Crystal and Molecular Structure of Compactin, a New Antifungal Metabolite from Penicillium brevicompactum." Alian G. Brown, Terry C. Smale, Trevor J. King, Rainer Hasenkamp and Ronald H. Thompson. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1976, 1165-1170. DOI:10.1039/P19760001165
  45. ^ D. J. Gross, F. Wilczek, Ultraviolet behavior of non-abeilan gauge theoreies頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Phys. Rev. Letters 30 (1973) 1343-1346; H. D. Politzer, Reliable perturbative results for strong interactions頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Phys. Rev. Letters 30 (1973) 1346-1349
  46. ^ See EATCS on the Gödel Prize 1995 網際網路檔案館存檔,存檔日期2007-08-04..
  47. ^ Paál, G.; Horváth, I.; Lukács, B. Astrophysics and Space Science. 1992, 191: 107. Bibcode:1992Ap&SS.191..107P. doi:10.1007/BF00644200.  缺少或|title=為空 (幫助)
  48. ^ 原文:"When the time is ripe for certain things, these things appear in different places in the manner of violets coming to light in early spring."

書籍

外部連結