基里瓜遺址

基里瓜遺址(西班牙語:Quiriguá西班牙語發音:[kiɾiˈɣwa])是位於危地馬拉東南部伊薩瓦爾的古馬雅遺跡。它沿莫塔瓜河下游、佔地約3平方公里(1.2平方英里),屬於中型遺址[2],其中禮儀中心位在距北岸1公里(0.6英里)處[3]馬雅古典時期英語Mesoamerican chronology(公元200年–900年)時,基里瓜坐落於幾條重要貿易路線英語Trade in Maya civilization的交點。遺址的衛城內建有200座建築、約始於公元550年,八世紀時開始興建大型建築。所有工程在約公元850年停止動工,僅在後古典時代初期(約公元900年–約公元1200年)短暫復工。基里瓜遺址和鄰近的古典時期城市科潘擁有相同的建築與雕塑風格,歷史發展也緊密相依[4]

基里瓜考古公園及遺址
世界遺產
近攝基里瓜石碑D的上部,刻畫着國王考阿克天的臉和他精緻的頭飾[1]
位置 危地馬拉拉丁美洲和加勒比地區
標準文化:(i)(ii)(iv)
參考編碼149
登錄年份1981年(第七屆會議
座標15°16′10″N 89°2′25″W / 15.26944°N 89.04028°W / 15.26944; -89.04028

基里瓜在8世紀的快速發展與其統治者考阿克天於738年戰勝科潘有關。科潘統治者英語List of rulers of Copán十八兔王敗於基里瓜並被抓獲,在基里瓜的大廣場被獻祭[5]。在這之前,基里瓜曾是科潘附庸國,但後來基里瓜維持了自己的獨立地位。基里瓜的儀式建築物英語Maya architecture並不多,但基里瓜的建築物十分豐富,在基里瓜有新大陸里最高的紀念性建築物英語monumental sculpture[6]

地名與地理位置

 
馬雅南部地區英語southern Maya area地圖,圖中顯示了基里瓜(Quiriguá)和科潘Copán)的所在位置
 
莫塔瓜河上的基里瓜的位置,與玉石的交易線有關

基里瓜遺址以隣近的同名村莊為名命名,[7] 它位於危地馬拉市東北方向的約200km處;[8] 它位於伊薩瓦爾省洛斯阿馬特斯市內超過平均海拔75m的地方[9]

基里瓜位於莫塔瓜河低處的北部河岸,也是山谷擴為河漫灘的地方,這也讓基里瓜數個世紀來飽受周期性洪災的困擾[10][11]。儘管在基里瓜的佔領期內河流一直在靠近此處,但它也自此改變了流向,流至離儀式中心南部1km的位置[3]。基里瓜位於科潘北部48km處[6]並現今位於瓜地馬拉洪都拉斯國境的西北方向15.7km處。

基里瓜當地的基岩是硬紅的砂岩,當地居民用此來建造紀念碑和其他建築物英語Mesoamerican architecture。這種砂岩十分堅硬,且不易斷裂英語Shear (geology)破裂英語Fracture (geology),這使得基里瓜的雕刻者們可以建立起美洲最高的獨立式石建築物[12]。基里瓜是在莫塔瓜斷層英語Motagua Fault上被直接建造起來的,它也因此在古時受到大地震的襲擊[13]

人口

儘管基里瓜的精英階層明顯為馬雅人[14],但由於它位於中部美洲地區的邊緣地帶,所以基里瓜人至少也是兩種種族的混血人群[15]馬雅人為少數族群[10]。大多數當地人在種族上屬於不那麼複雜的中間地帶英語Intermediate Area(位於中部美洲的東部邊境)[15]。據估算,基里瓜中心地帶的人口密度後經典期為400人至500人每平方千米[16],人口密度在最高峰時達到1200–1600人每平方千米[17];據調查,基里瓜當地平均每平方千米有130座建築物,而科潘的中心部則是每平方千米有1449座建築物[18]。較低的人口密度也暗示着基里瓜是一個分散農村人口的聚集點[10]

在738年發生的那場成功的叛變之後,基里瓜谷的人口快速增長,然基里瓜從未能成為一個人口眾多的城邦[19]。在9世紀發生了嚴重的人口減少,城邦也最終遭到廢棄[20]

已知的統治者

名字(或綽號) 統治年代 順序[21]
"Tok Casper英語Tok Casper" 426–?[22] 1
Tutuum Yohl K'inich英語Tutuum Yohl K'inich 約455[22] ?
"3號統治者" ("Turtle Shell") 約480[22][23] ?
"4號統治者" ("Basket Skull") ?–?[23] 3?
Mih Toh 493–[23] 4?
K'awiil Yopaat ("5號統治者") 約653[23] ?
卡克·蒂利烏·錢·約帕特 ("考亞克-天") 724–785[24] 14
"天-舒爾英語Sky Xul" 785 –約795[24] 15
"玉石-天英語Jade Sky" 約800 – 約810[24] 17?

腳註

  1. ^ Looper, 2003, pp.122, 140, 146.
  2. ^ Ashmore 1980, p.24.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.352.
  4. ^ Miller 1999, p.49.
  5. ^ Looper 2003, pp.4–5, 83.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Coe 1999, p.121.
  7. ^ Looper 2003, viii.
  8. ^ Stross et al. 1983, p.333.
  9. ^ Inforpress.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Looper 2003, p.1.
  11. ^ Looper 2003, p.35.
  12. ^ Miller 1999, p.82.
  13. ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.507.
  14. ^ Looper 1999, p.264.
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Sheets 2000, p.442.
  16. ^ Drew 1999, p.344.
  17. ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.688.
  18. ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.686.
  19. ^ Martin & Grube 2000, p.219.
  20. ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為MG225的參考文獻提供內容
  21. ^ 據Looper 2003, p.205.
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.216.
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Looper 2003, pp. 205–209.
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.218.

參考資料

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Ashmore, Wendy. Settlement Archaeology at Quiriguá, Guatemala. University Museum monograph, no. 126; Quirigua Reports, vol. 4. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology英語University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 2007. ISBN 978-1-931707-91-6. OCLC 74460023. 
Banco de Guatemala. Monedas. Banco de Guatemala. [2009-02-10]. (原始內容存檔於2016-08-17) (西班牙語). 
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外部連結

15°16′10″N 89°02′25″W / 15.26944°N 89.04028°W / 15.26944; -89.04028