基里瓜遗址

基里瓜遗址(西班牙语:Quiriguá西班牙语发音:[kiɾiˈɣwa])是位于危地马拉东南部伊萨瓦尔的古玛雅遗迹。它沿莫塔瓜河下游、占地约3平方公里(1.2平方英里),属于中型遗址[2],其中礼仪中心位在距北岸1公里(0.6英里)处[3]玛雅古典时期英语Mesoamerican chronology(公元200年–900年)时,基里瓜坐落于几条重要贸易路线英语Trade in Maya civilization的交点。遗址的卫城内建有200座建筑、约始于公元550年,八世纪时开始兴建大型建筑。所有工程在约公元850年停止动工,仅在后古典时代初期(约公元900年–约公元1200年)短暂复工。基里瓜遗址和邻近的古典时期城市科潘拥有相同的建筑与雕塑风格,历史发展也紧密相依[4]

基里瓜考古公园及遗址
世界遗产
近摄基里瓜石碑D的上部,刻画着国王考阿克天的脸和他精致的头饰[1]
位置 危地马拉拉丁美洲和加勒比地区
标准文化:(i)(ii)(iv)
参考编码149
登录年份1981年(第七届会议
坐标15°16′10″N 89°2′25″W / 15.26944°N 89.04028°W / 15.26944; -89.04028

基里瓜在8世纪的快速发展与其统治者考阿克天于738年战胜科潘有关。科潘统治者英语List of rulers of Copán十八兔王败于基里瓜并被抓获,在基里瓜的大广场被献祭[5]。在这之前,基里瓜曾是科潘附庸国,但后来基里瓜维持了自己的独立地位。基里瓜的仪式建筑物英语Maya architecture并不多,但基里瓜的建筑物十分丰富,在基里瓜有新大陆里最高的纪念性建筑物英语monumental sculpture[6]

地名与地理位置

 
玛雅南部地区英语southern Maya area地图,图中显示了基里瓜(Quiriguá)和科潘Copán)的所在位置
 
莫塔瓜河上的基里瓜的位置,与玉石的交易线有关

基里瓜遗址以邻近的同名村庄为名命名,[7] 它位于危地马拉市东北方向的约200km处;[8] 它位于伊萨瓦尔省洛斯阿马特斯市内超过平均海拔75m的地方[9]

基里瓜位于莫塔瓜河低处的北部河岸,也是山谷扩为河漫滩的地方,这也让基里瓜数个世纪来饱受周期性洪灾的困扰[10][11]。尽管在基里瓜的占领期内河流一直在靠近此处,但它也自此改变了流向,流至离仪式中心南部1km的位置[3]。基里瓜位于科潘北部48km处[6]并现今位于瓜地马拉洪都拉斯国境的西北方向15.7km处。

基里瓜当地的基岩是硬红的砂岩,当地居民用此来建造纪念碑和其他建筑物英语Mesoamerican architecture。这种砂岩十分坚硬,且不易断裂英语Shear (geology)破裂英语Fracture (geology),这使得基里瓜的雕刻者们可以建立起美洲最高的独立式石建筑物[12]。基里瓜是在莫塔瓜断层英语Motagua Fault上被直接建造起来的,它也因此在古时受到大地震的袭击[13]

人口

尽管基里瓜的精英阶层明显为玛雅人[14],但由于它位于中部美洲地区的边缘地带,所以基里瓜人至少也是两种种族的混血人群[15]玛雅人为少数族群[10]。大多数当地人在种族上属于不那么复杂的中间地带英语Intermediate Area(位于中部美洲的东部边境)[15]。据估算,基里瓜中心地带的人口密度后经典期为400人至500人每平方千米[16],人口密度在最高峰时达到1200–1600人每平方千米[17];据调查,基里瓜当地平均每平方千米有130座建筑物,而科潘的中心部则是每平方千米有1449座建筑物[18]。较低的人口密度也暗示着基里瓜是一个分散农村人口的聚集点[10]

在738年发生的那场成功的叛变之后,基里瓜谷的人口快速增长,然基里瓜从未能成为一个人口众多的城邦[19]。在9世纪发生了严重的人口减少,城邦也最终遭到废弃[20]

已知的统治者

名字(或绰号) 统治年代 顺序[21]
"Tok Casper英语Tok Casper" 426–?[22] 1
Tutuum Yohl K'inich英语Tutuum Yohl K'inich 约455[22] ?
"3号统治者" ("Turtle Shell") 约480[22][23] ?
"4号统治者" ("Basket Skull") ?–?[23] 3?
Mih Toh 493–[23] 4?
K'awiil Yopaat ("5号统治者") 约653[23] ?
卡克·蒂利乌·钱·约帕特 ("考亚克-天") 724–785[24] 14
"天-舒尔英语Sky Xul" 785 –约795[24] 15
"玉石-天英语Jade Sky" 约800 – 约810[24] 17?

脚注

  1. ^ Looper, 2003, pp.122, 140, 146.
  2. ^ Ashmore 1980, p.24.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.352.
  4. ^ Miller 1999, p.49.
  5. ^ Looper 2003, pp.4–5, 83.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Coe 1999, p.121.
  7. ^ Looper 2003, viii.
  8. ^ Stross et al. 1983, p.333.
  9. ^ Inforpress.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Looper 2003, p.1.
  11. ^ Looper 2003, p.35.
  12. ^ Miller 1999, p.82.
  13. ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.507.
  14. ^ Looper 1999, p.264.
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Sheets 2000, p.442.
  16. ^ Drew 1999, p.344.
  17. ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.688.
  18. ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.686.
  19. ^ Martin & Grube 2000, p.219.
  20. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为MG225的参考文献提供内容
  21. ^ 据Looper 2003, p.205.
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.216.
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Looper 2003, pp. 205–209.
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.218.

参考资料

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外部链接

15°16′10″N 89°02′25″W / 15.26944°N 89.04028°W / 15.26944; -89.04028